World Com and Accounting Ethics Essay Example for Free

World Com and Accounting Ethics EssayCurrent business and regulatory environments are more(prenominal) conducive to good behavior due to many new laws that have been erect into effect in recent days. For many companies, especially small ones, the checks and balances are non put into place as well as they should be. With new laws in effect and more and more accountants paying attention to their clients accounts, ethical behavior is on the bob up although it will take a pertinacious era to recover from the scandals that rocked the world beginning with Waste management in 1998 and following with Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, HealthSouth, Freddie Mac, AIG, Lehman Br new(prenominal)s, Bernie Madoff and Saytam in 2009. For 10 years unethical behavior and choices almost brought our country to its knees and even now many people are losing their homes and their jobs because the economy has still not fully recovered.In 1983 in a small coffee shop in Hattiesburg, MS, the business concept that would become WorldCom was born. The attach to was to become one of the largest telecommunications companies that would one day rival ATT.WorldCom began as a small long distance telephone company and through an aggressive acquisition st come outgy, evolved in the second-largest long distance telephone company in the United States and one of the largest companies handling worldwide Internet data traffic. WorldCom achieved its position through a large number of acquisitions and between 1991 and 1997, WorldCom spent almost $60 one thousand million in the acquisition of many of these companies and accumulated $41 zillion in debt.With each acquisition, WorldComs stock continued to rise as the company became more noticeable, rising from pennies per share to over $60 per share in 1997. As the company grew people sat up and took notice and Wall road investment banks as well as analysts and brokers began making buy recommendations to investors worldwide.All of this would have ended well if WorldCom had obviously played by the rules only when alas, that was not the case. As with any acquisition, let alone 65 of them in six years, management at the top level requires considerable attention to make the coming together of the two companies run smoothly. Secondly, the business relationship of the financial aspects of each unite company must be accomplished through the application of generally accepted accounting practices (GAAP).WorldComs merger with MCI was the beginning of the end. Bernie Ebbers (CEO) paid little attention to the details of the operations and many things began deteriorating, mainly customer service. Customers were told they were not customers, computer systems conflicted with each other and billing systems were not coordinated a recipe for disaster. Although WorldCom had an immense talent for buying competitors, it was not up to the task of merging them.WorldCom also used their make interpretation of accounting rules when preparing financia l statements. In an effort to make it appear that profits were increasing, WorldCom would write down in one low-down millions of dollars in assets it acquired while, at the same time, it included in this charge against earnings the cost of company expenses expected in the future. The result was bigger losses in the current quarter but smaller ones in future quarters, so that its profit picture would seem to be improving. (Moberg)WorldCom managers also made their own assumptions regarding accounts receivables which if the money customers owe the company. They chose to overleap the accounts receivables because this allowed for a lower assumption of non-collectable bills which in turn required a smaller reserve fund. The end result allows for higher earnings.All of these practices could continue as long as WorldCom continued to acquire additional companies, using those companies as their merry-go-round to utilize poor accounting practices. Not only poor practices but unethical. In 20 00, the merry-go-round stopped when the government refused to allow WorldCom to merge with Sprint. Another accounting practice that that was uncovered was the allowance of the board of directors to authorize loans to senior executives. Mr. Ebbers get a $341 million loan authorized by the board of directors which is the largest amount any publicly traded company has lent to one of its officers in recent memory. This brings concerns or so conflict of interest and breach of fiduciary duty but nevertheless WorldCom was not the only company allowing this practice. And on top of that the loan interest rate was as low as 2% which was not much of a return for the company that loaned him that large of an amount.WorldComs unethical accounting practices were found by Cynthia Cooper who worked as an internal auditor for WorldCom. Cynthia and her team became suspicious of a number of peculiar financial transactions and began their own private investigation. What they found were tenfold entrie s that were misallocated and unauthorized to the tune of $4 billion dollars in capital expenditures. It appeared the company was trying to represent operating costs as capital expenditures in disposition to make the company look more profitable. By allowing these kinds of practices and attempting to have others following the same kind of unethical behavior, moral and trust were at an all time low within the company.Beginning in 2002 everything began to unravel. The SEC began an investigation on the company and WorldCom was trying to avoid filing for bankruptcy. Within months they laid off more than 17,000 employees, almost 20 percent of their workforce. By the time it was all said and done, 30,000 employees lost their jobs and investors lost over $180 billion dollars.WorldCom im right on booked $3.8 billion as capital expenditures which improved cash flow and profit over a 5 quarter period. This disguised the actual net loss for 2001 and the first quarter of 2002. It is possible t hat the accounting irregularities go back to 2000. In simple terms WorldCom did not account for expenses when it incurred them, but hid the expenses by pushing them into the future, giving the mien of spending less and therefore making more money. This apparent profitability pleased investors who pushed the stock up to a high of $64.51 in June 1999. When WorldCom was stopped from acquiring Sprint they had to find a way to hide their large expenses so that the price of the stock would not go down. They did this by treating $7 billion of disceptation costs as capital expenditures.These line costs were basically rental fees paid to other phone companies to use their phone lines. Up until 2001 these fees (expenses) had always been properly expensed in previous years but when WorldCom placed them in the capitalization category the expense was delayed to future periods which in turn boosted current-period profits. The accounting rule of thumb that made this decision fraudulent was mate riality. Materiality refers to the impact of an points size on a companys financial operations. Materiality states that if an item would not make a difference in decision-making, the company does not have to follow GAAP in reporting the item. In this case, $7 billion dollars in expenses makes a huge difference so GAAP guideline should have been followed. Consequently profits for 2001 and 2002 were overstated greatly.This ethical breach could have been avoided long before it became a huge problem basically by maintaining the accounting system from the very beginning. Because WorldCom was more interested in acquiring companies than in merging them properly, accounting systems from various companies did not work together well. After a time and more and more acquisitions it became a huge mess and nobody really had any idea what was right and what was wrong. Senior management used that disorganization to conceal their fraudulent activities. This large of a fraud should have been easily find by doing a routing comparison of the actual physical assets with a list of the physical assets shown in the accounting records.Following the scandal of WorldCom which closely followed the Waste Management Scandal in 1998 and the Enron scandal in 2001, Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, introducing the most sweeping set of new business regulations since the 1930s.

Explain why some creationists do not believe in the big bang theory Essay Example for Free

Explain why some inventionists do not view in the great(p) bang hypothesis EssayCreationism is commonly recognised as a religion that does not regard the big bang conjecture or evolution to be true. Creationists are a group of, often evangelical Christians, who have a literal flavor in the creation stories of the watchword it teaches that everything in the domains ultimate cause is idol. Although it is important to note that there is not just one type of creationist and not just one single belief that is creationism. There are many varieties including progressive creationists, who mention a link with bible accounts and the big bang theory, and day age creationists who believe in the contemporaries account of creation however state that each of the 6 days of creation in the bible was actually a period of millions of years. Although progressive creationists make a link between the big band and god, most creationists would reject this view. Dr Russel Humphreys, a young e arth creationist, believes the order is all wrong as intimately as the timescales. When it comes to matching bible creation accounts with the big bang. For example, Genesis chapter 1 states that the universe starts with darkness however the big bang theory explains the universe starts with light.Creationists overly find a problem with the big bang theory because it states that the whole universe began with a singularity, and creationists claim that scientists cant determine where this came from, therefore proving a major flaw in the theory. Another growing belief of creationists is that the universe is only between 6000-10000 years old, and was created by God. On the ground of this belief the big bang theory is not a logical possibility. This particular theory was devised by Philip Gosse and is known as the Omplalos argument. Gosse used the Julian calendar to work backwards, and this fall him to conclude that the universe began on October 23rf 4004BC, and was created by God in 6 days. He stated that although there is evidence such as fossils to suggest that the innovation is older, these and other things were just made by God, and the universe was created with an apparent history that isnt actually true. Consequently any discoveries that scientists make that go beyond the pick up of 4004BC are wrong and cant be used as evidence for the creation of the universe. Aside from theories that provide a new explanation of how the universe began, some creationists simply believe that the big bang theory cannot be correct as it goes against their views of a benevolent, omnipotent God.They believe that the big bang theory does not reflect a God that is powerful enough to create the universe itself becausethe scientific view does not accept a view that God could have created the Big Bang. Its also argued that the big bang could not have created such a perfect world and the universes design must be down to an intelligent designer that is God. Dr Robert Matthews, a res earcher at the institute for creation research, says why for instance is our universe and its laws just right for the existence of manners? Some argue that its because it was specially made for us by a benevolent creator. This belief is one that belong to the denomination of creationism called Neo-creationism.The majority of creationists do not believe in the big bang theory, as the Holy Scriptures are believed to be the word of God, and are interpreted literally. The fact that creationists interpret the creation stories literally means that the book of Genesis provides the only explanation of the creation of the universe that could be true. As a result of this belief, creationists attempt to prove this b focusing research into finding scientific proof for the stories of Genesis, such as finding evidence for Noahs flood.

The Shawshank Redemption Essay Example for Free

The Shawshank ablaze(p)emption EssayMain character in the movie. Was wrongfully sent to prison for the put to death of his wife. Andy did not commit the crime he was simply at the murder scene in his car. He was going to kill them both but he was held back. Someone else killed his wife and her l all over and Andy was blamed. -Ellis Red Redding- the piece of music who butt joint get you anything in prison. Red was Andys best friend and the only guilty populace at Shawshank Prison. Red kept Andy sane for most of the movie by being his friend and getting him what he wants/needs. Warden Samuel Norton- Warden at Shawshank Prison although he is the warden, he shows special interest towards Andy and uses him for his skills. -Tommy Williams- Young and fresh criminal who comes to Shawshank who knows the Identity of the real killer in Andys case. Tommy is assassinated because of his knowledge on the topic. -Brooks Hatlen- Old librarian. Is afterwards released from prison. Not knowin g what to do in life, Brooks chooses suicide. Wrongly convicted banker Andy Dufresne is sent to prison for killing his wife and her lover.When Andy gets to prison he learns the system and makes friends with Red, Red is the man that flowerpot get you anything in prison. Andy asks for a rock shaft as he is into geology and wants to make a chess board. Andy shows his knowledge of the law and bullion and helps Capt. Hadley with his capital dilemma. The warden assigns Andy to the library to assist the librarian Brooks Hatlen. Andy soon becomes the wardens second present man to do the wardens dirty financial work, which includes laundering money under the name Randall St eventides. In 1954, Brooks is released from prison, unable to ad only to the outside world he hangs himself.Tommy Williams comes to Shawshank in 1965 for robbery. He becomes friends with Andy and Red. After Tommy hears about why Andy is present in prison he is shocked because he is proof that Andy did not commit the crime. Andy brings this information the warden, but the warden refuses to listen because if Andy is brought to justice and freed than the warden doesnt bring on somebody like him to do his dirty work. The warden has Tommy shot and killed by Captain Hadley. Andy tells Red that if he is ever freed from the prison, that red should go to a specific hayfield climb up Buxton and look under a volcanic rock for a package.The next day at roll call, Andy is not present and his cell is empty. The warden gets so gaga that he starts to destroy everything in the room and when he throws a rock at Raquel Welchs poster, he finds a hidden pathway that Andy had created with his rock hammer over the last 20 years. Andy escaped from prison. After spending a good portion of his life in prison, Red is finally free. Red, like Brooks, cant adapt to outside life. He remembered his promise to Andy and visits the specific spot that Andy told Red about. He finds some cash for a bus ticket to Zihuatenajo.Red breaks his parole and travels to Texas to cross the Mexican border. On a beach in Zihuatenajo, Red finds Andy, and they both ar reunited and the movie ends. 1. Reliability- Reliability is the extent of how much(prenominal) you can count on one psyche or thing to get what is needed to be accomplished. Andy shows his reliability to the people of the prison, including administrators for his chance to get the upper hand so he can accomplish what he needs to do to get himself out of prison. 2. Validity- I think validity is how true something is, how just something is, or how important something is.Andy helps the prison workers with their taxes. His knowledge over the topic is tested and his validity is tested as well. 3. Cause and Effect- What happens and what issue comes from what happened. In The Shawshank Redemption cause and effect is very clear. From the time that Andy is trusted with finances and money laundering, the cause of his escape is planned. He wants to exploit the pri son and by effect he can inherit the money under the fake identity. It is appargonnt in other times in the movie as well. Without the cause there would not be an effect.Beliefs- What a person holds dear to themselves as far as morals, faith, and their personal thoughts of how one should live their life. In The Shawshank Redemption, Red chastises Andy one day in the cafeteria for having hope. Andys let personal beliefs are always with him and by keeping those hopes he escapes the prison. 5. Hunting and Gathering- Getting what we want by our own will and treats and storing and releasing what we have wherever want. In The Shawshank Redemption, Andy takes pieces of the wall with him to the prison yards every day.He slowly empties his pockets on the prison yard and lets the rocks from the wall fall from him. 6. Personality- how a person is, what a person takes and how that belief shines to show what kind of person one is. In The Shawshank Redemption and in any other movie really, Per sonality is always present. Andys constitution at first his quiet and he mostly keeps to himself. Even after making friends Andy is more of an Introvert than an Extrovert. 7. Status- A persons social rest in society. A rank of sorts. Andys status in The Shawshank Redemption is changed from laundry duty to librarian to prison banker.Achieved status- what you do to get to where you are, how you achieved the status that you have. Andys status is achieved because of the skills that he has from his previous life. His achieved status in the end is a free man. Randall Stevens. 9. Social group- The people that you are with, your friends, your group. Andys social group in the story goes from being alone or just with Red, to having a whole group of friends and inmates. 10. Dyad- a group of 2 people, 2 friends or even 2 enemies. Andy and Red would be the only real Dyad in The Shawshank Redemption.The warden and captain Hadley would also be a dyad. 11. Authoritarianism- One person who is in c ontrol of a social group of groups. In The Shawshank Redemption, the warden is the authoritarian. His word goes and no one else can do or say anything about it. 12. Bisexuality- When a man or charr likes someone of the same sex but also likes someone of the opposite sex. Bisexuality is only present in the movie by The Sisters. In the prison there are only men, and the sisters are prison rapists who rape men. 13. Organized crime- an organized process to get what one needs or wants.Red has a system of organized crime to get the people what they want, whether it is a pack of cigarettes or a rock hammer. 14. Retribution- Revenge or personal satisfaction by getting revenge of some sort. Andy gets his retribution by exploiting to the public what was really going on in Shawshank prison. 15. Rehabilitation- the process of being fixed to abide by societies laws or social rules. The entire prison system in The Shawshank Redemption is really just a form of rehabilitation by imprisoning people the officials believe that they will be rehabilitated so that they can come into the public once again. 6. Profession- your skill of trade, the thing that you have over anyone else.Andys profession was a banker and even while he is in prison, the profession is still useful. Wealth- how much money a person has, how rich or happy they are. Andys job for a while in the movie is to launder the money under an alias. Wealth is all that the warden seems to care about. 18. Power- how much say a person has, their voice is powerfulness and how much of the voice is power, is also power. The Warden lusts for power and wealth ultimately, both things are what get him exploited and ultimately result in his suicide. 9. Proletarians- Workers that work for money, wage or contract workers.The warden hires second hand workers and works off of bribes so that he may receive his own money, he cuts the prisons budget in work. 20. Faith- your beliefs or how much you believe in the validity of your beliefs . Andy always keeps his faith in hope, and in the end it was the hope that drove him to leave. I actually liked this denomination. I have seen the movie The Shawshank Redemption quite a few times. I always just looked at the movie in a sense of drama and a good story.After looking at the terms its easier to see how much sociology really affects anything. In a prison system, sociology is very present and by knowing certain terms and sociological information, you can really get something out of a movie that you could not get otherwise. Sociology is present in closely every movie as there is some kind of term present that has a better underlying meaning than what is just presented over the surface. sometimes just by knowing what kind of person a character is, its easy to tell what categories of sociology they can fit under.I think sociology and this assignment are very relevant to The Shawshank Redemption in a sense that the movie is not action based. There is not a look at of actio n or special affects of computer graphics. The movie is all story and dialogue. Its easier, yet harder to sense sociological terms in the dialogue as you are limited by certain kind of sociological group. I think the movie seems very different when it is viewed this way. I have seen this movie well over twenty times and I havent really looked at the movie in this way. I have learned quite a lot this semester and more importantly I believe they are things that I will remember.In many classes, there arent many things that students take with them, with this class, I didnt just get a grade, I got a basis to which I can view many things at different angles just by analyzing and sight what and how people do or say what they do or say. How people act in a certain group compared to how they act online or with just a few close friends. The information that was taught in this class can be readily used in everyday life compared to some classes where things are taught that one wouldnt use so m uch. I enjoyed this class very much.

Consumerism and Culture: Designing Brands

Consumerism and Culture Designing Brands1. IntroductionShopping is timeless and is part of our everyday life. It is a extremity and snoopping layab step forward bring joy and pleasure. Although the economic crisis is increasing, people from each(prenominal) over the world will always go shopping. It is a basic/ reciprocal and fun thing to do and it brings enjoyment and entertainment.Consumerism is occasiond to describe the tendency of people identifying strongly with products or services they consume, especially those with commercialised stigmatize name calling and perceived status symbolism appeal, e.g. a luxury vehicle, flesher clothing such as Gucci, Chanel and Louis Vuitton, or expensive jewelry. A culture that is permeated by consumerism dope be referred to as a consumer culture or a market culture.When inventing commercial space it is necessary to consider not just the image of activities that will be carried out, but also the different locations, functions and envi ronment that they will require. All commercial premises, however, need a basic infrastructure that creates an efficient work environment and provides facilities that ensure excellent customer service.2. Analysis2.1. Consumerism and DesignAll products that are commercially successful would have had the consumer in mind at iodine point or another. Designs have added value when it croupe be traded and has potential to make an impact on the consumer market even if it already has apparent dainty merit and may not necessarily require to be bought and sold as would a commodity. An enviable and attractive project in this sense attracts investments because of their commercial potential, and in due course attains marketability, and fundamental value or tone of voice. Capital and creativity and good design alone cannot promise commercial success. Design is the modern currency for commodities of the next generation and must be tailored to meet the ever-changing cultural and demographic pa ttern of consumers. Social behavior affects the long-term investments that design companies will make. Ultimately this implies that signing companies will soon look at demography studies as an important share in the development strategy of their products.2.2 THE investment trust AS A HOME FOR THE BRANDNowadays, all aspects of life are branded. Brands function literally as labels representing the attitude or lifestyle that an individual has chosen. consequently brands parentages need to offer much more than product for sale. They have to sell an identity, which the customer can literally make his own by buying a particular product. This identity is taken home not only in the form of purchase items but also as amenities that set out with the product. plurality who are strongly weded to a brands talk about the brand store as if it were their second home.Stores fall into one of two categories, such as multi brand and a single brand, where the store sells only one brand. Single b rand stores sells only a particular brands and therefore has no other competition. The brand has complete control over the entire situation. Products are displayed in a sea of space, and visual merchandising is powerful. The biggest danger faced by single brand store is the predictable product supply, which requires a careful effort to avoid the perils of boredom. Change is not easy to illustrate, especially when the turnover rate is low.Ill. 1- Tods Building Ill. 2- Tods FacadeAs we can see from Illustrations 1 and 2 of Tods building and Tods faade, this boutique is an Italian shoe and bag brand Tods. Tods building has been design by Toyo ito and this building is organized by seven floor, which is the lower floors are boutique space, while the central and upper floors house administrative, multifunction area and commercial offices the top two floors are used for conferences and events and as a roof garden. Keen to give Tods an identity that would make it stand out from the crowd of places devoted to conspicuous consumption, the Tokyo architect Toyo Ito with the specific apprize to employ high quality materials and colors that would reflect Tods notion of naturalness. The leather-good brand well known for its impeccably handcrafted shoes and bag as well as its great trouble to the natural quality of leathers.The nature metaphor that has been applied to the store was drawn from Omotesandos long row of zelkova corners. According to toyo ito, the tree is an autonomous, natural inclination and therefore its shape has an inherent structural rationality. In a sense, producing a reasonable flow of structural loads with a pattern of superimposed tree silhouettes is a result of a perfectly rational through process.Toyo itos fondness for the outer skin that wraps a building is once again well represented. His pao(wrap) school of thought underpins much of his work. (up)this case study is so weird- and dunt know how to link with the next paragaph(down)What people sta nd for and what they believe in used to be an issue which were largely defined by the culture in which they were raised family, local environment, education and religion influenced the way they see themselves. The local culture provides them with the symbolic tools to create a sense of identity. In the current spherical environment, people no longer limit themselves to traditional choices offered by local culture. The world has unciviled up. The Internet and all its possibilities form a whole impudently digital world, while the ease of travel makes physical distance appear shorter. For an Indonesian, talking to a Singaporean booster station through an online chatting such as Skype, MSN and etc, or visiting a relative who lives in the Singapore is easier and more convenient in the current day and age. globalisation is giving people the possibility to see the world out there, and it result in broadening many interests among people (consumers). They have become more open to diffe rent cultures and are able to relate to various lifestyles. It also resulted in a growth of cross-cultural contact and in the realization of a global market. Experiences are no longer determined on the whole by local elements the world is the playing field. Roots will continue to define people, but the image to new experiences will provide them with different perspectives. As part of this process, traditional lifestyles start to lose authority and choices enter the picture.2.3. Customer loyaltyRetailers pay attention to customer relations and the retention of existing customers by means of loyalty programs and saving schemes. For example, we all have loyalty cards in our wallets. Where the main check is t gain a price reduction, programs like these are not sufficient to develop client loyalty and to build up a mutually satisfactory relationship between retailers and customer. A company cannot buy a consumers loyalty. Trust and the beginning of a reciprocal relationship ensure th at the customer keeps orgasm back. To achieve this, the retailer must be a good example and deliver added value.The challenge for retailer is to take advantage of the opportunities by organizing themselves in such a way that they fulfill a bridge function and by become the connecting factor between consumer and producer. The communities, feedback groups and testing panels that offer customers the chance to try out products and exchange experiences are sources of inspirations. The involvement of customer in the develop of services on offers and the realization of a transparent and efficient manufacturing process require completely new integral approach.The retail industry has the chance to develop into a platform that offers people the possibilities to create together, to share, and to further extend knowledge and experience. In this way, we can achieve supported solutions in areas such as innovation, logistics, resources deployment and time-to-time advantage. And, ultimately, custo mer will become satisfied ambassadors of their own brand.2.4 Connecting to a Functional and Emotional brand elementThe search for personal identity helps define what is important and what you need to know to gain self-esteem, approval and recognition. People like to feel a sense of belonging, to be part of something bigger then themselves. One way to define oneself is to connect a brand to its culture. Consumers no longer buy products only because of their functional quality but also buying a brand that stand for something.A brand needs to find a way and to differentiate itself from its competitor. It needs to connect with the consumers and creating emotional elements can do this. The emotional side of the brand and the personality help people connect to the brands. Brands can have personalities as much as the same way people do. It is the brands personality that defines brands in terms of human characteristics.2.5 Sizes and LocationThe crucial importance is the size and location of the store. There are subdivision stores, boutiques, shopping arcades, stores representing only one brand (single brand store). A flagship store is the close to exclusive type of single brand store. The primary focus of a flagship store is not a sell product but to persuade customer to adopt the brands lifestyle. Consequently, a single brand store or flagship store is a suitable retail environment for commercial charity, for the persuasion and obtaining of customers.3. Design proposalThe chosen site location for the design is located at no51-53 shop house at Armenian street, which is beside SMU (Singapore Management University), in front of vanguard building, under fort canning park and in the middle of city hall and Dolby urarthritis MRT area. This site is surrounded by parking area, and most of it behind of the shop houses. Base on the survey about human traffic car circulation, most of the user of this parking lot is the student from SMU(Singapore Management University),busine ss man, shopper, that going to vanguard building, Stanford House and Stanford Court are also parked their cars behind the shop houses. The trouble is after they park their car they will use a small path and it is located at the corner of the site.Physical phenomenon that people tent to use a shorter route or short get rather than a longer route to get to a certain place.After analyses the trends of shopper I come out with a design solution. The program is to propose a flagship store together with a new design, which is to create a new shopping experience. This design will increase the number of shopper. The Shortcut will attach to the old building and creates a contradiction between the exiting old shop house and the new design (short cut). The shortcut will be built within the retail space to link from Armenian street to the car park. The design of the short cut will attract people attention to walk in and coincidently they might be going to the flagship store.(I havent arrange t his part, should be 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 ) ling jie, help me to signify about the abstract and conclusion.. ( cant think. huhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhhuhuuhhCONSUMERISM A PERSPECTIVE OF FLAGSHIPSTORE CREATE A NEW SHOPPING EXPERIENCEReferences Lloyd Jones, Peter, 1940-Taste today. United Kingdom BPCC Wheatons Ltd,exter. Rem koolhaas, 2005-s,m,l,xl. smart York The monacelli press. Curtis, Eleanor, 2007-Fashion retail. New York Liz sephton. Judy chung,Chuihua, leong,Sze Tsung 2002-Guide to shopping, project on the city. New York Taschen Msnuelli,sara.2006-Design for shopping. London Laurence king Messedat, Jons, 2007- Flagship stores. Los angles Avedition Gmbh Manuelli, Sara, 2006- Design for shopping. united Kingdom Laurence King Publishing Ltd Cheng, Kelley, 2005- Style shopping shops showrooms, Singapore foliate one Publishing LtdBibliography http//usj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/35/5-6/981 www.ianlambertdesign.com

Does Caribbean Poetry Reflect Our Shared History English Literature Essay

Does Caribbean Poetry Reflect Our Shared History side Literature leavenAs a collective group, the Caribbean people celebrate an eclectic melding of the differences inherent in our ancestry with an appreciation of the influences wrought upon us by the write up of the islands, and our outgrowth may be chronicled through an examination of the numbers and poetical styles of the poets who seek to give a voice to the diverse, yet collective identity of the Caribbean throughout our growth. The meter of the region reflects the obvious conf utilizationd pointors which characterize the evolution of the people and the Caribbean islands the difference is evident in the persons who composed the poems, the subject matter, form, style, the show audience, and the ideological interests which were served.Initi eithery, in the 18th century, at one end of the spectrum there were poets who ascribed to the scribal usages of the face verse as it had developed by that period. These poets hailed from the white master class and dealt primarily with a resplendence of the adventure of colonization in the Caribbean. The patsy audience was the imperial M oppositeland England, and by extension the other European nations. The pattern of the poems followed the blank verse, pastoral modes, personification, and a poetic diction consistent with the European poets of the era, such as Milton. The subject matter praised an idealized notion of the inborn beauty of the Caribbean islands as in Weekes Barbados (1754) When habitual Rains, and gentle Showrs descend, / To cheer the Earth, and Natures self revive, / A second Paradise show ups the Isle / Thro-out, one beauteous Garden seems (Burnett 1986, 102). The poems therefore are typified by a grandiose, argent style, liberally interspersed with classical allusions which celebrated the supposed grandeur of the West Indies. Singleton, in his A General Description of the West Indian Islands (1767), illustrates this feature There withdr aw noises, murmuring thro the vault, / Surprize the listning er whilst from the deeps / The hoarse Cerberean yell dreadful ascends, / Three times full-echod from the distant hills. (106). Juxtaposed with the idyllic Caribbean scenes described, these poets, such as Weekes in Barbados (1754), represent in their written reports a form of superficial humane concern for the slaves, coupled with an acceptance of sla precise as the ultimate lot of the slave Close watch, ye Drivers Your work-hating Gang, / And simoleons their Labours with a careful Eye / But spare your cruel, and ungenrous Stripes / They sure are Men, tho Slaves, and colourd Black (102). The poems celebration of the grandeur of the tropics italics mine is really a celebration of the supposed grandeur of British colonialism in the Caribbean. In most cases the poems work to uphold the slave-based socio-political system of the West Indian plantation society. (Baugh, 227-228).At the other end of the spectrum, there are the an onymous, simple expressions of the black slaves their folk songs, ballads, chants and work songs which articulate their observations and emotions while enduring the slavery experience. For example, there is the poignant lament If me requirement for go in a Ebo, / Me slewt go there / Since dem tief me from a Guinea, / Me cant go there (3). In a frustrated tone, wracked with displacement and barrier of movement, the poem solemnizes the plea of the slave while voicing the collective strife of the slaves on the islands. Markedly contrasting with the poetry of the scribal tradition, the poetry of the presumably uneducated total darkness slave appeared to be fresh, insightful and engaging in its simplicity. The poems celebrated the oral traditions of the Africans and were imbued with a creative potential which was forged from the melding of the English and West African languages. Thus, hitherto though the poems were written primarily in English, there were distinct African qualitie s (for example, the folksong tradition), which was scarce enhanced by the combining of the European ballad tradition Guinea Corn, I long to see you / Guinea Corn, I long to plant you / Guinea Corn, I long to mould you (4). Significant to note is that the poets instruction is on the Guinea Corn of hie native homeland, and not on the sugarcane of the plantations which exploited his labour. Topically, the slave would not have thought to romanticize the natural beauty of the islands in which they now loved under such persecution. Rather, focal points of their poems may have been entrenched in the desire to retain their native identities and in decision ways of re-defining their identities in the refreshed context of the Caribbean.While it stands to reason that the dichotomy shown here epitomizes the expected disparity of thought and should, in fact, cotton up the distinctions among the Caribbean people, the evolution of the Caribbean towards the abolishment of slavery gave birth t o an innovative poetic voice, one which turn upd as a spokesperson chronicling the debacle of the slave trade and the slave experienceWas there no mercy, mother of the slaveNo friendly hand to succor and to save,While commerce thus thy captive tribes oppressd,And lowering vengeance lingerd oer the west?Yes, Africa Beneath the strangers rod cellFrom isle to isle the welcome tidings ranThe slave that heard them started into manLike Peter, sleeping in his chains, he lay,The angel came, his night was turnd to day rotate his fetters fell, his slumbers fleeHe wakes to life, he springs to liberty.(Montgomery 1807, 1-5, 76-77).This poetic voice also interwove the African oral tradition into the fabric of the European poetic form, creating a new composite form which, for the first time, attempted to bridge the gap between the hackneyed English language and the language of the slaves. In his pioneer attempt, Moretons Ballad (1790) is an example of this Altho a slave me is born and bred, / My skin is black, not yellow (Burnett, 112).With this initial foray into the experimental Creole art form, the fact that poets of Caucasian descent were willing to twain pen and publish poems in this native dialect spoke loudly to the impending communal focus of poetry in the Caribbean isles, and by extension, the duality of distinct peoples writing for the same exercise to record a shared history and to give a uncomparable voice to Caribbean literary works. That is not to say that all poems written in this time period were imbued with a humane outlook on the Africans. Many poets who were members of the privileged class ventured into this field, using the local vernacular in their scribal works, thus far the intent of poets such as Cordle and Mc Turk was a humorous depiction of the everyday life of the African in an attempt to appease the target audience which was still predominantly European. A prime example of Mc Turks use of the vernacular to poke fun at the African people c an be seen in his poem, Query (1899) Da Backra one fo go a hebben? / Da Backra one fo raise akin lebben? / Da wa a-we po Negah do? / Make a-we no fo raise up too? (13). It may be noted however, that poets such as Mac Dermot, whose work displayed a Tennysonian sound and feel, as was inevitable due to continued reliance on European form, in Cuba (1950s), showed the redemptive force play of Caribbean unity But we like lovers twain / Are one in joy and pain, (132).The poets and poems of this era depicted, in essence, informative social history documents, however their depiction did not negate the fact that, inevitably, two distinct histories were being interwoven through the medium of the poetry which was written. Without openly acknowledging the fact, the poets became a part of the discourse of history that they shared with historians and travel writers (Baugh, 230). The shift towards the vernacular in poetry which still embodied European forms, and also now American forms in the wr iting, was extremely valuable as a reflectivity of social realities which no longer distinguished between the people who populated the Caribbean islands, but rather reflected the shared nature of the their heritage. This fact became more than noticeable as the Caribbean and its people continued to evolve. The turn of the century was earmarked by poets such as Claude Mc Kay and Una Marson, whose poetic content highlighted the didactic shift towards a focus on black instinct and, in Marsons work, a predominantly feminist interpretation of the social relations of the era.Although his later works were penned entirely in Standard English and exhibited the lineage of Milton and Wordsworth, the profess sonnets of Mc Kay, such as If We Must Die reflected both the black United States American situation and the Caribbean situation of the time the racial theme is engaged poignantly, connecting the Black diaspora and speaking for the Black community generally, rather than singularly from th e Caribbean perspective If we must die, O let us nobly die, / So that our precious blood may not be shed / In vain then even the monsters we defy / Shall be constrained to honour us, though dead (Burnett, 144). If one examines Mc Kays Creole poetry, there is, in contrast to earlier works by Cordle and Mc Turk in which the African man was patronized, a definitive consciousness of the black people I born right don beneat de clack / (You ugly brute, you tun you back?) / Don go dat Im a come-aroun / I born right way in panish Town. (Brown, 7).The new female consciousness presented by Marson was also linked to black awareness on a holistic level. This black awareness fuses with class consciousness in Marsons simple diction and syntax, while her rhyme draws heavily from the Blues tradition of the American poetic form I like me black face / And me kinky hair. / I like me black face / And me kinky hair. / But nobody leves dem, / I jes dont tink its fair. (Burnett, 158).What was seen to eme rge was poets working conjointly to produce a new West Indian poetic tradition. Thematically the poets wrote in the context of the changing sociopolitical consciousness, exhibiting a new level of seriousness, characterized by a nationalistic slant, an exploration of the social realities of the time, and profoundly proclaiming a search for a shared Caribbean identity. The poems which grew out of the early to mid-twentieth century gave more attention to the search for a unique voice and although typified by derivations from the modern English and American poets of the time, for example, Auden, Eliot and Pound, there was a decided split from the European tradition.nowhere does this split show itself to be more evident than in the secular works of Louise Bennett. Written entirely in the Jamaican Creole, Bennetts work legitimized the Creole in a way that no-one elses had as yet. Employing the primarily dramatic monologue, interspersed intermittently with the short narrative form, and wit h heavy reliance on the oral traditions, Bennett engages the contributor vicariously in the grassroots wisdom of her personae. Her sharply probing yet objective eye exposes the navet of the Caribbean people. Her tone which is sometimes chastising, is at all times, even in the midst of her reliance on comedy as a medium of exposition, satirical as she figuratively holds up a mirror to societys foibles. Her ideas dwell on the peoples articulation of self and their place in the history of the Caribbean. Distinguishing identity becomes an inevitable condition as the people define themselves.In her works, for example, Colonization in Reverse, the reader can see how Bennett acts as a reporter and commentator on an event of both historical significance and psychological interest to the Caribbean people the exodus of Caribbean nationals to England during the post-war periodWat a joyful news, Miss Mattie,I feel like me heart gwine bursJamaica people colonizingEnglan in reverseOonoo see ho w life is funny,Oonoo see de tunabout?Jamaica live fe box breadOut a English people mout(Brown, 32).The delivery is characterized by a high degree of verbal and gestural expressiveness however the irony and counter-irony of the situation chronicle the poem. The dialect which is used as the medium of delivery serves mainly to highlight the unfolding drama of West Indian consciousness as the speaker debates the issue of a counter-colonization of England, and the West Indian nationals search for an identifiable history.To many of the West Indian poets such as Bennett, the tradition of English poetic form which was inherited as a part of our colonial history became progressively constrained and oppressive as the islands and their people moved towards self-realization. The necessitate for a Caribbean poetry which encapsulated the essence of the Caribbean peoples shared history and drive towards progress and self-actualiaztion became the fore-runner of thematic influence for the poets to pics. The desire for a poetry which spoke of, to and for West Indians was begun by poets like Bennett and realized in poets such as Derek Walcott and (Edward) Kamau Brathwaite. Their poems expressed a possibility for the creation of a new Caribbean world differentiated by its very divergence from Europe and America. Walcotts vision essentially delineates the social realities which have to be transformed in order for a new world vision to pass along into reality. His poetry reinvented the Caribbean landscape through the language which defined the qualities of the Caribbean life and people. The vision, which was also influenced by the plight of the Middle Passage extends to all races that comprised the Caribbean. Walcotts poetry did not highlight distinctions among the people, rather when he speaks of race he refers to all Caribbean people, and this vision further extends to embrace all human suffering and the need for survival. The Native Americans tragedy served only to deepen his concern for the Black diaspora, his outrage and lament not singularly focused on the Cherokee Trail of Tears nor the Gulag Archipelago, but a lament for the wickedness of all systems of abuse and slavery which prioritized the financial gain of the enterprise above the inhumanities inflicted on the individual. Walcotts poetry can be said to subsume the whole history of grief inherited by the Caribbean people. History itself, for him, becomes a centrally comprehensive theme, such that the gnarled, sea-almond trees on any Atlantic-facing Caribbean coast represent for the poet the resiliency of the people, their capacity to endure, and to work a culture out of a common catastrophe their leaves broad dialect a coarse, / enduring sound / they shared together. (Walcott, 23).Brathwaite shared Walcotts vision as he clearly ushered a single-minded pursuit of an alternative tradition for West Indian poetry. He grounded it in the retrieval and recognition of African cultures and of communal knowledge lost or submerged in the Middle Passage (Baugh, 255)memories trunked up in a dark attic,he stumps up the staresof our windows, he stares, stareshe squats on the tipsof our languageblack burr of conundrumseye corner of ghosts, ancient his-tories(Brathwaite, 165).For Brathwaite, his poetry utilizes black musical expressions from both sides of the Atlantic and combines them with black vernacular and Standard English to re-enact or evoke significant moments of Black experience. His goal may be seen as to renew a sense of community and shared purpose among the dispersed African peoples. Brathwaites poems are simultaneously a lament and a celebration of the black diaspora, his heroes and speakers composites of all the changing faces and voices of the new Caribbean. Renewal and community emerge as the desired home out of a bequest of exile and fragmented identity. For both Walcott and Brathwaite, their representations of contemporary society resound with the understanding of the colonial legacy bequeathed to the Caribbean people.The latter half of the Twentieth Century heralded the emergence of yet another poetic voice. This voice was that of the West Indian feminist who sought to establish the importance of the contribution of the female figure in the West Indian community. Poets such as Merle Collins and Lorna Goodison spoke out forthrightly against male-dominated power structures and engaged questions of the womans role in issues of history, class and race. Goodisons poetry for example resonates with a deep sense of history, generates a sense of creativity and focuses on the multi-dimensional roles of women in the society, share-out with Brathwaite and Walcott that vibrant sense of identity evident in her works which characteristically display Caribbean and African-American people music within a social and native consciousness that this type of music includesMother, there is the stone on the hearts of some women and mensomething like an onyx, cabochon-cu t,which hung on the wearer seeds bad dreams.Speaking for the smalldreamers of this earth, plagued with nightmares, wantfor healing dreamswe want the stone to move.(Goodison, 4).Poems such as this encapsulate the breadth of the female form, claiming the womans place as the cultural regenerator of the people.Also extending the range of artistic use of the oral tradition into the current century, infusing it with the urgency of new, deprived generations and speaking the language of the street, the poetry of poets such as Linton Kwesi Johnson gained new popularity as dub poetry, a poetry which could trace its lineage to the oral inventiveness of the tenement yards and ghettos. However, although the poetry is at times interspersed with impressions of violence, it affirms the deep cultural significance and identification of the Caribbean people with social protestdem is awftin decried an denieddem is awftin ridiculed an doungradeddem is sometimes kangratulated an celebrateddem is sometim es suprised an elatedbut as yu mite have already guessdem is awftin foun wantin more or lessdus spoke di sere wans af oledis is a story nevvah told(Brown, 274).The writers explored here are not all of one and the same generation. Nonetheless they identify in crucial ways the Caribbeans origins their sense of position is creatively problematic and their postcolonial sensibility appears uneasily chronicled. However the idea of a divided immigrant to the Caribbean does not hold true. Rather, one can literally trace the increment of the Caribbean, and its continuing development, through the voice which these poets give to their works of art. There is a specially defined relationship of the Caribbean national to his home and identity, however multi-faceted it may appear to be. His colonial redefinition is still incomplete but the process, however delayed, is inevitable. Poets of the West Indies, through their thematic content, their use of language, their adaptation of form and their a bility to acquire a target audience which was, in effect, a locally appreciative entourage, all shared in the singular rhetoric which captured the shared experience of the Caribbean people and gave to the islands a unique form of identity. As Eric Roach notes in his poem Love Over-grows a Rock (1992), the hope for the Caribbean peoples future lies summarily in transcending insularity through a shared regional identity and dream So, from my private hillock / In Atlantic I join cry / Come, seine the archipelago / Disdain the sea assemblage the islands hills / Into the blue horizons of our love. (Rohlehr, 284).

Essay --

African-Americans, who only comprised 13% of regular do drugs users, make up for 35% of drug arrests, 55% of convictions, and 74% of batch sent to prison for drug possession crimes. Also, three-fourths of all people incarcerated for drug offenses are either Black or Latino, the majority of illegal drug users are white. There is obviously something gone ridiculously wrong. Many African Americans that lived in the South were unable to vote, and thus far if they tried to, they had to pass literacy tests or even pay poll taxes. Also, places of employment were segregated as well White southerners refused to work under black supervisors and most white craftsmen strenuously opposed the hiring of African Americans in the skill trades (Remembering 206). Kennedy states in his book that people of color were always the last to get hired and the first to get fired (Kennedy 113), so because of this it was passing hard for African Americans to find employment or even keep a steady job d ue to discrimination they faced. This form of discrimination made it hard for African Americans to make a living for themselves during this time and is similar to how criminals are treated in todays society. The practice of the Jim Crow Laws fundament during the 1870s to the mid 1960s is similar to how criminals are discriminated against today. Throughout America, prison inmates in 48 states, paroles in 33 states, and probationers in 29 states are non allowed to vote (Karjick). This is about 4.7 million Americans that are denied this right (Karjick). One may argue that the poor choices that these 4.7 million Americans have made make them untrustworthy to service make decisions for the country but labeling these people as criminals should not define ... ...ent opportunities, these children are forced to be raised in severe poverty. A scheme that has been done by a researcher, who has been funded by the National Institutes of health, claims that the stresses of poverty can lead to impaired learning abilities in children (Stresses). The stress that is triggered by poverty is dangerous and can really affect our childrens future. The New Jim Crow system that has been redesigned in America leaves a lot of people with criminal backgrounds jobless and stuck in a second-class status. Discriminating against the criminals is morally wrong and it not only affects them but others such as their loved ones as well. All men are created equal is a famous phrase from The Declaration of Independence that America would like to believe, but it is clear that todays society is unequal right based on how criminals are treated.

Nonuniversal Effects in Bose-Einstein Condensation :: Albert Einstein Gases Science Essays

Nonuniversal Effects in Bose-Einstein CondensationIn 1924 Albert Einstein predicted the existence of a special image of matter now known as Bose-Einstein condensation. However, it was not until 1995 that simple BEC (Bose-Einstein condensation) was observed in a low- niggardliness Bosonic bobble. This recent experimental breakthrough has led to regenerate theoretical interest in BEC. The focus of my research is to more accurately de terminationine basic properties of homogeneous Bose gases. In particular nonuniversal effects of the energy density and condensate fraction will be explored. The validity of the theoretical predictions obtained is verified by comparison to numerical data from the paper beginitGround rural area of a Homogeneous Bose Gas A Diffusion monte Carlo Calculation endit by Giorgini, Boronat, and Casulleras. endabstract%dedicateTo my parents for their supporting me through college,%to perfection for all the mysteries of physics, and to Jammie for her%unconditio nal love.%newpage%tableofcontentsnewpagesectionIntroductionThe Bose-Einstein condensation of trapped atoms allows the experimental study of Bose gases with high precision. It is well known that the dominant effects of interactions between the atoms mass be characterized by a single number $a$ called the S-wave scattering length. This property is known as beginituniversalityendit. Increasingly accurate measurements will destine deviations from universality. These effects are due to sensitivity to aspects of the interatomic interactions other than the scattering length. These effects are known as beginitnonuniversalendit effects. Intensive theoretical investigations into the homogeneous Bose gas revealed that properties could be calculated using a low-density working out in powers of $sqrtna3$, where $n$ is the number density. For example the energy density has the expansionbeginequationfracEN = frac2 pi na hbar2m Bigg( 1 + frac12815sqrtpisqrtna3 + frac8(4pi-3sqrt3)3na3 (ln(na3)+c) + ... Bigg)labelenendequationThe first term in this expansion is the mean-field approximation and was calculated by grind to a haltoliubov citeBog. The corrections to the mean-field approximation can be calculated using perturbation theory. The coefficient of the $(na3)3/2$ term was calculated by Lee, Huang, and Yang citeLHY and the last term was first calculated by Wu citewu. Hugenholtz and Pines citehp buzz off shown that the constant $c_1$ and the higher-order terms in the expansion are all nonuniversal. Giorgini, Boronat, and Casulleras citeGBC have studied the ground state of a homogeneous Bose gas by exactly solving the N-bodied Schrodinger (to within statistical error) using a diffusion Monte Carlo method. In section II of this paper, theoretical background relevant to this problem is presented. Section III is a brief summary of the numerical data from Giorgini, Boronat, and Casulleras.