Is Faster Economic Growth a Good Thing?

Is faster economic growth always a good thing? Argue the case for and against faster growth and then come to your conclusion. Economics growth has been studied in differences camps. economics, environmentalist and sociologist have been debating years about the causes and effects of this one, it is a fact that economic growth is link with life quality and the first one can affect the second one in positive and negative ways, this essay will expose a number of advantages and disadvantages of a rapid economic growth. The concept of â€Å"economic growth† 50 years ago was quite different from the concept nowadays, before, the concept focus on the industrialization and the economy of the country, until the seventies decade when the professor Dudley Seers introduces the concept with strong consequences in equality, unemployment rate, etc. Economic growth, it is describe in different economic dictionaries as â€Å"an increase in the  capacity of an economy to produce goods and services,  compared  from one  period of time to another†. And it is an important part in the development of the economy to permit the right utilization of the goods and the improvement of living standards; however, there are some cases that â€Å"economic growth† it is not a steeply process making a rapid economic growth which brought some positives and negatives consequences for the society. One advantage of the â€Å"growth†, it is definitely the fact that governments can reduce or eliminate the money borrowing, due to the tax revenue is higher and also there is less money spend on benefits for unemployed people, then there is an greater inversion in public services and education, which are important aspects in the measure of the development of a country. An increasing of outputs because of the growth, will generate that companies start to employ more and more workers to supply the necessities of the costumer, reducing the level of unemployment and at the same time making higher incomes, giving the opportunity to get more and better quality goods for consumers It is part of this phenomenon that consumer demand is going to increase leading to an increase as well in the investment this one can be implanted in different ways, one important is â€Å"technology† and innovations making easier and cheaper the production. conomic growth it is working as well improving the business confident making this one more interesting for international investment, this one has also a strong relationship with the unemployment mention before due to the investment will rise the level of employment and incomes. These group of advantages are a clearly prove of how important it is a rapid economic growth for the society, improving the life quality and making business profitable which increase the employment rate and income levels, we can find an example of this if we study the economy of some Asian country where a rapid economic growth produce that the percentage of people living with $1 a day decrease 12% from 1990 to 2004, however, there are some risks that we have to consider when the economy growth too quickly. When the process of economic growth is too quickly or â€Å"unsustainable† the results are not always good, one disadvantage of this kind of growth is the inflation that is the situation when the average of demand is higher than the average of supply leading an increase in the price of services and goods which is dangerous for the economy because it can be a reduccion in the real value of the money then an inflationary growth could stimulate a recession in the economy. Also if the economic growth is caused by an increase in the customer spending, causing a rise in the level of imports this one can be higher than the level of exports producing a deficit follow by balance of payments problems. Another problem of economic growth is that this one can increase inequality income and wealth, because sometimes all the benefit of the growth does not have a right distribution, economics measure that by the â€Å"Gini co-efficient† ant this have a big impact in the society such as corruption and regional, also the gap between rich and poor people can become bigger. A different negative factor of economic growth is the big impact of this one on the environment, According to Booth (1991, p. 552), the† long-run economic growth relies on the creation of new industries and new forms of economic activity, these new forms of economic activity create new kinds of environmental problems† and this problems are becoming worse every day, this is because the level of production and consumption of non renewable recourses has increases the same than the level of air pollution, waste, etc. Basically these are in general some of the advantages and disadvantages of a repid economic growth and we can see that this one play and important role in the increase of the life quality however is not coming risk free, the inequalitie of income a wheat can make an effect in the society the same that the enviroment effects, the important point is that we have to take actions of this a possible way to do it is the sustainable development that is defined In 1987 by the Bruntland Commission n Environment and Development as:†development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs†.

Membranes: Cell Membrane and Purple Dark

Cell Membranes and Transport Hands-On Labs, Inc. Version 42-0033-00-01 Lab Report Assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor. Exercise 1: Diffusion ObservationsData Table 1: Rate of diffusion in different temperatures| | ? C| Minutes| Temperature| InitialTemp. | InitialColor| 5| 10| 15| 20| 25| 30| 60| Cold| 3| white| white| white| white| white| white| white| Mostly white some blue| Ambient| 25| white| blueish| Light blue purple| blue purple| blue purple| purple| purple| Dark purple| Hot| 96| white| purple| DARKpurpleple| Dark purple| Dark purple| Dark purple| Dark purple| Dark purple| Questions A. Write a one-paragraph ana lysis of the results for the procedure. Provide reasons for the difference in the rate of diffusion at the different temperatures.The results of this lab were greatly influenced by the temperature of the KI solution. The bag placed in the heated solution began to change color (from white to light purple) almost immediately and changed to dark purple within 7minutes. The second bag in room temp. solution took about 5 minutes to see a slight change in color (from white to light blue) and about 20 to turn dark purple. The third bag in the cold temp. solution barely changed color at all at the end of the hour (bluish tint. ) According to the text (p. 68), â€Å" Because the driving force for diffusion is the kinetic energy of the olecules themselves. The speed of diffusion is influenced by molecular size ( the smaller, the faster) and by temperature ( the warmer, the faster). † Through this lab experiment we were able to see that diffusion did happen faster in the warm water by s eeing the fastest change in color of the contents inside the baggie. B. Did the sizes of the molecules affect their movement? Yes, the smaller the molecules (KI) were able to permeate thru the bag where as the bigger molecules (water) and corn start could not permeate thru the membrane bag due to their large size. C.Give an example of diffusion between: a solid and a liquid; a gas and a liquid; between two different solids. (solid/solid) Gold and lead- over time, molecules of lead will diffuse into the gold and vice versa. (solid/liquid) Sugar and water- Sugar will dissolve in water. (Gas/liquid)Perfume and air- the scent will spread. Exercise 2: Osmosis Observations DataTable 2: Potato Mass| Contents in TestTube| Initial Mass of Two Potato Strips| Final Mass of Two Strips| MassDifference| % Change inMass| Class Average Percent Change in Mass (if available)| a) Distilled Water| 3. g| 5g| 1. 4| 38%| | b) 1. 0 M Sucrose| 3. 4g| 2. 1g| -1. 3| -38%| | c) 0. 8 M Sucrose| 3. 6g| 2. 1g| -1 . 5| 42%| | d) 0. 6 M Sucrose| 3. 5g| 2. 6g| -. 9| -25%| | e) 0. 4 M Sucrose| 3. 5g| 3g| -. 5| -14%| | f) 0. 2 M Sucrose| 3. 4g| 3. 7g| . 3| 9%| | Questions A. Describe how the potato cylinders changed in their turgidity. Identify which of the solutions were isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic in relation to the potato. a) Distilled Water| No change in turgidity. Hypotonic solution. | b) 1. 0 M Sucrose| Very turgid. Hypertonic solution. | ) 0. 8 M Sucrose| Turgid. Hypertonic solution. | d) 0. 6 M Sucrose| Moderately turgid. Hypertonic solution. | e) 0. 4 M Sucrose| Slighty turgid. Hypertonic solution. | f) 0. 2 M Sucrose| No change in turgidity. Hypotonic solution. | B. What would happen to a red blood cell placed in distilled water? Why? Distilled water is a hypotonic solution which means in contains no solutes. According to the text (p. 72), â€Å"Cells placed in a hypotonic solution plump up rapidly as water rushes into them. † This means that a RBC would eventually pop. C .Create a graph of your experimental data by plotting the percent change in potato mass against sucrose molarity. Label the x-axis as â€Å"Molarity of Sucrose,† and the y-axis as â€Å"% Change in Mass. † D. Determine the molar concentration of the sucrose contained in the potato strips by using the graph created in question C. At the point where the molar concentration of the sucrose in the potato would be isotonic to the sucrose, there would be no net change in the potato mass. On the graph, this is located at the 0% change. Draw a line from this place on the y-axis to intersect the line.From the line draw a line down to the x-axis to find the molarity. Molar concentration of sucrose in potato = . 3 M Exercise 3: The Effect of Solvents on Membrane System Observations Data Table 3: Color Intensity from Damaged Beet Cells| TestTube| Solution Treatment| ColorIntensity0 – 10| Condition of Beet (turgid, flaccid, etc. )| a| 70% Isopropyl alcohol| 10| Very flacid| b | 35% Isopropyl alcohol| 7| bendable| c| 17. 5% Isopropyl alcohol| 3| Less firm| d| Distilled Water| 0| Very firm. | Questions A. What is the reasoning behind the use of egg whites?How does this part of the experiment relate to membranes? Egg whites would provide a lipid layer mimicking the cell membrane layer of a cell. Also egg white are largely composed of water this would also mimic the cell membrane. B. What do the results of test tube e tell about the effect of isopropyl alcohol on egg whites? The effects of the alcohol on the on the egg whites were that it made the chunky as almost if they had been cooked. C. What do the results of test tube f tell about the effect of isopropyl alcohol on oil?How does this relate to membranes? The oil sinks in relation to the alcohol. This is related to membranes due to the hydrophilic and hydrophobic aspects. Lipids arrange so that the hydrophobic â€Å"tail† regions are isolated from the surrounding polar fluid, causing the more hydr ophilic â€Å"head† regions to associate with the intracellular (cytosolic) and extracellular faces of the resulting bilayer. D. Based on the results from test tubes a through d, which of the solutions caused the most damage on the membrane system? Explain your answer.The solution with the highest concentration of Isopropyl alcohol cause the most damage to the membrane because exposure to high concentration of organic solvents would disrupt membrane integrity. E. Using the same data collection method, develop a hypothesis and use the scientific method to design an experiment that would show the effect of temperature stress on membranes. Extreme temperatures, mainly -5? C and 70? C, will significantly damage the cell membrane while the temperatures closer to room temperature will cause only slight damage, if any.

New Charter School Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

New Charter School Proposal - Assignment Example However, henceforth first preference will be provided to students from its own school, the Mount Carmel High School. The Mount Carmel High School is being launched as a premium school with modern methods of learning. The school will engage its students in critical thinking, analysis, research and other resources that will markedly depart from the traditional pedagogy teaching alone. The school is open to students of all culture and beliefs without discrimination on the basis of race and religion. Learning by appropriate use of pedagogy, interactive technology, group discussions, and analysis will be encouraged. Students will also be encouraged to be involved in arts, music, and learning a foreign language. The learning curve with consist of the medium that engages the students’ interest from their early days in school. There will be extracurricular activities such as publishing of magazine, elocution, dance, an annual fair for the development of students’ mental faculties. Activities are aimed with the child’s all-round development in view. The school is expecting to start with the 6th grade with 80 students. This grade will be divided into four sections. So the teacher-students’ ratio will be not more than twenty students per teacher at any given time. The curriculum will consist of the key subjects, viz. language, mathematics, science, and social science. English will be the main language. Mathematics will comprise algebra and geometry. Students will have the options of studying the subjects through pedagogy, interactive technology or both. The options to study will be monitored regularly through appropriate tests. The students will be given enough time for learning and evaluations.

Gossip Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gossip - Term Paper Example Whenever someone gossips about another person, that person may be picked on or perhaps ostracized based on what has been said about them behind closed doors. If someone finds out that they have been gossiped about, it can destroy their confidence because they may feel like what the gossiper was saying is true. Another reason why gossip should not be encouraged is because it can spread false rumors. People who like to gossip often do so about people or situations that they know very little about. It is possible that they get some of the key facts wrong and this changes everything completely. If people start to believe false information, then it can lead to mistakes and bad decisions. People should not really be talking about something if they do not know everything that there is to know about that particular issue. Finally, gossip can also lead to a bad reputation for the person who always likes to go around telling stories about someone else. These kinds of people are known for being untrustworthy because no one ever knows if they are going to gossip about what they are told. This will inevitably lead to a lack of friendships for the gossiper because no one will feel like spending time with them and sharing information. Gossipers usually try to spread information about others in order to gain friends, but the typical result is that the opposite comes true; no one wants to be their friend because of their gossiping habit. Despite all of these negative benefits to gossiping, some people would say that gossiping is a good thing because it allows important information to be spread around. While it cannot be denied that gossip can sometimes result in false information, in actual fact, the majority of gossip often turns out to be true. This is because someone said something in confidence to a friend, and then that friend has gone and told someone else. Because they have direct

Is Bullying a Contributing Factor to Teenage Eating Disorders Essay

Is Bullying a Contributing Factor to Teenage Eating Disorders - Essay Example The eating disorders like bulimia and anorexia may develop as a result of bullying. Bullying instils feelings of insecurity and low self esteem as they try to conform to what is considered acceptable by people around them. This paper investigates whether bullying contributes to eating disorders among the teenagers. The paper comprises of four sections. The introduction section gives the background and definition of key terms relating to the topic. The second part is the literature review. The author has reviewed the comparative figures, impact of the bullying disorders and bullying, and complexity of eating disorders and public health issues. Section three reviews bullying in UK; the trends, statistics, current research and preventive measures, while section four is the conclusion. Bullying entails the use of threat, force or coercion that aggressively imposes domination on others repeatedly. This may involve physical assault, emotional, cyber or verbal harassment based on differences in class, religion, race, sex, reputation, or appearance among others. On the other hand, eating disorder entails the abnormal eating habits characterized by excessive or insufficient intake of food to the detriment of mental or physical health of an individual (Nelson 2008, p. 32). Teenagers live in a world characterized by a lot of pressure to conform to the perspective of the society on ideal weight. When combined with other factors in life, this may set a background for the eating disorders. This threatens the ability to learn as well as affect their physical health (Harris et al. 2004, p. 24). According to the British press, most of the teenagers diagnosed of eating disorders reported that bullying contributed significantly to the problem. Most teenagers develop eating disorders because of many reasons. Mostly, pressure from the outside sources forms one of the contributing factors.  

Choosing health Supporting Legislation For Health Essay

Choosing health Supporting Legislation For Health - Essay Example A report by the department of health dated on August indicates that a third of adults and a fifth of children aged below15 years will be clinically obese .By the year the 2010 it is estimated that 12 million adults in the UK and a million children will be obese while more will be overweight (Department of Health, 2004a). In this case we mainly focus on children’s health and various health issues affecting them where we approach obesity as one of the major challenge. Health support legislation in Liverpool seeks to realize the shared responsibility that everyone has to make changes that will lead to improvement of health (Department of Health, 2004b). One is considered obese when his or her body Body mass index (BMI) is 30-39.9, when its 40 one is considered morbidly obese, when its 50 one is considered super obese. Prevalence of obesity cases has tripled since 1980 and obesity is mostly associated with various aspects for example age, gender (where it mostly affects the female), ethnic belonging to a certain group and people of the lower economic status. In the year 2000 it was estimated that one out every five adults was obese. Obesity may lead to complications and diseases which include diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction, colon cancer, stroke among others. The main causes of obesity are sedentary lifestyle, increased energy food intake through eating and lack of regular exercises. In childhood obesity which is our main area of focus it is estimated that more than 75% of obese children become obese during their adulthood, for the last 20 years the number of obese children has been seen to triple mainly for children a ged between six to seventeen years of age (Department of Health, 2000). These is due to increased central fat deposition, it is believed that nowadays children may have a lower life expectancy compared to their parents

Adapting transportation requirement to the population growth in the Case Study

Adapting transportation requirement to the population growth in the Central Florida Region - Case Study Example To plan for the Florida region with respect to the transportation requirements in the coming years, these important variables ought to be considered in detail: 1. Population projections of the region. The population, and their travel and the mode and method of travel, frequency, commuting and the specific requirement are important. 2. Travel demand and transportation requirements. The second factor after we analyze the demographic data is the ideal choice of transports, the method of commuting, tourist and other non regular travelers, and goods transport is to be chalked out. 3. Safety and infrastructure requirements. What is the driving, traveling, infrastructure safety to be considered? What is the fatality rate now, and how ought it be reduced? What structures have to be built and how the cost and benefit be used? 4. Cost benefit analysis Once we have all the data with us, we perform a statistical analysis of these variables and find a linear solution to the model creation for the transport planning for the region. 5. Analysis The analysis of the concept is then revised with the results obtained to present a workable model. The population, Demand & Projections Population and economy The Florida population is growing and the projections suggest that the population will treble and added to that are the tourists, settlers, immigrants expected on account of the development of the region as a commercial hub. According to the 2025 Florida Transportation Plan, â€Å"Florida has long been one of the nation’s fastest growing states. ... opulation over the age of 65 will grow to 5.8 million residents, an increase of 92 percent over 2004 levels and a dramatic increase in the need for specialized mobility options. - The state's employment base will grow to more than 11.6 million jobs, an increase of 45 percent over 2004 levels. The number of interstate and international visitors to Florida will exceed more than 92 million per year, an increase of 23 percent over 2003 levels. - The volume of domestic and international freight moving to, from, and within Florida will increase to 1.5 million tons per year, an increase of 78 percent from 2001 levels. This growth will continue to increase the demand for people and freight movement to, from, and within Florida. Current projections indicate the demand for nearly all modes of Transportation will increase at a higher rate than population and employment over the next two decades." 1 Urban areas are expected to grow and it is the urban areas that contain the most (90%) of the population. Over seventy five percent of the population commutes long distances to work. Not only commuting, but requirement of freight forwarding, both within the region and to other places is on the rise. The actual demand for freight movement in 2002 was in various segments of transportation as shown below. The survey indicates a future projection to the extent that Road transports will be: 54% and lifting of cargo by air - 74%, Through the railway 29%, and shipping 115%. Movement of freight by road is 85% by railway 65% and shipping at 48%. Rate of increase in the population is expected to be at 42% per 23.7sqm.2 "The state has been adjusting to the growth phenomenally well. For more than a century, Florida's transportation system has adapted to growth and changes in the state's

Management - Virtual organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management - Virtual organization - Essay Example This kind of group undergoes the same stages of development. In virtual group cohesiveness and norms are both important. Cohesiveness is the ability of the team to attract the members to be involved and really focus on the development. Norms are standards that are set by the member of the team that can either be a pro-management or anti-management. Building an effective virtual workgroup involves activity facilitated by computers. Interactions of the members are done thru the internet. In a normal workgroup they meet most of the time to talk about the project while in virtual group the communication and brainstorming are done thru the use of the web. Since there is no need to ask many questions the forming stage in the development are not the evident in the virtual group. The group understand what they need to do just by handling them the outline of the work. There are seldom storming stage in the virtual group. Although they have different ideas on their mind the focus is on the development of the IT. Leadership is important in any project. Virtual team leaders are operating within a different framework. Some of the behaviours considered good management practices were changed, or even eliminated, because the team was physically separated. In the virtual team the leader usually conducted meetings thru conference call.

Quantitative Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quantitative Techniques - Essay Example The social and economic scenario is in the constant process of undergoing change and is influenced by a number of external factors. As such, there are numerous controllable and uncontrollable parameters that today’s decision makers need to take care of in order to prepare a careful course that can navigate through all idenfied obstacles. If adopted, qualititative, well-structured and a well-planned business forecasting effort can yield the desired results. As such, apart from feeling the need to forecast, it is also very important to plan the forecasting process with great precision (John E. Hanke, Arthur G. Reitsch, 1989). The rise in the growth and use of computing power to perform calculations has gained immense popularity among users. As such, with a good forecasting plan, one can easily perform the required analysis in a short time. Forecasting is used to identify a number of patterns that are deemed important to a company’s interests. It could include attributes such as the performance of stocks over a time period, pattern of sales, prices of essential raw materials, employee satisfaction surveys etc. a company can immensely benefit from business forecasting as these enable it to analyze its performance across various domains and also helps it compare itself amongst other competitors in the market. It enables the company to identify the segments that are not performing according to expectations and paves the way for adopting suitable solutions to overcome them. As the economy is dynamic in nature, there is an ncreasing need to prepare the future map in advance, which emphasizes the need fo r business forecasting. In the recent years, business forecasting has adopted an extensive scientific flavor that includes the fusion of various business theories and techniques to forecast specific types of data. It can involve procedures as simple as spreadsheets to massive database networks that are performing trillions of

Impact of Instructional Coaching on Students Thesis

Impact of Instructional Coaching on Students - Thesis Example The thesis represents the comprehensive analysis regarding the subject matter of impact of instructional coaching on students’ achievements. The report comes under division into five major components. The introduction of the testimony elucidates the background information with reference to the topic of concern, which comes under following by the literature review segment that enlightens the deeper learning about the topic under discussion. The hypothesis explicitly states the theme that would come under focus in the project report. The findings of various themes under discourse are also a crucial part that has come under integration that would enlighten how the evaluation methods can help assess the impact of instructional coaching on students and their performances. ... Therefore, all the inhabitants of each culture respect the value and role of knowledge, as they are well aware of the fact that education is one of the imperative elements that can make an individual reach the heights of success (Adams &  Hamm, 2005). As everyone comes under acquaintance with the advancements that the world has encountered until the twenty first century, this has brought constructive alterations, developments, growth, and expansions in all fields that even include the education and learning practice and curriculums for the students. As an outcome of such novelties, the methods and techniques of teaching have also transformed, and hence augmented the new and modern ways of schooling and education. Thus, this process has become an ongoing practice that can lead to enhance the performance of the students and boost their level of understanding (Adams &  Hamm, 2005). Out of numerous teaching methods that have come under introduction and practice, instructional coachin g is amongst one of those modern ways that has come under implementation in the recent times. According to the web definition, an instructional coach is someone who â€Å"maintains a non-evaluative, learning relationship as a professional developer working with a teacher. Both coach and teacher share the expressed goal of learning together, thereby improving instruction and student achievement† (Gwazdauskas &  Northcentral University, pp.8, 2009). In other words, an instructional coach is primarily and professionally accountable for implementing the evidence-based learning practices into the classrooms of the school in accordance with the teachers and

The Impact of ‘Scientific Ideal’ on the Development of Political Science Essay Example for Free

The Impact of ‘Scientific Ideal’ on the Development of Political Science Essay Introduction The philosophy of history is a study on how the human history is supposed to be laid down in papers. There are several studies that are interconnected with the process of knowing how and what should history contain about the human past. Along with this, an important focus on how wide the philosophies on historical set up directly affect the developments in the present systems of political science is also being observed. Political Science as defined mainly refers to the study of political behavior of people making up the government of certain specific countries. These behaviors also include the scientific examination of the acquisition and the application of power in different forms of government practiced by respectively different countries as well. According to authors Dickerson and Flanagan in their book â€Å"An Introduction to Government and Politics (2001), â€Å"Political Science is a process of conflict resolution in which support is mobilized and maintained for collective projects†. This naturally means that it is a way in which countries are able to formulate public projects de to the existence of authorities who have the power to give permission for such public projects. Other known writers and philosophers have different views towards the real meaning of the said study. As for Mao Zedong, Political Science is the study of politics wherein politics is defined as â€Å"war without bloodshed while war is politics with bloodshed† (As cited by Slann, 2004). Another writer, Otto Van Bismarck says that Political Science is the art of politics, which is referred to as the art of the possible (As cited by Slann, 2004). To him, the said study makes impossible things to occur within the existence of the human government. Indeed, as many writers have different and at times even contrasting views regarding the study of politics which is Political Science, debates and other social issues behind the controversies of political philosophies. Among the issues concerned within the topic is the fact that the Philosophies of History sets clear points showing the connection of the ‘scientific ideal† studies and observations to the developments of Political Science itself. With the use of several literature readings and observation, an issue regarding the emergence of power within the history of human civilization shall be discussed in this paper. Along with this, some points of concern regarding the relationship between the scientific processes mostly called the ‘scientific ideal’ in putting down the historical past of the human civilization and the development of Political Science up until the present time shall also be tackled herein. Philosophy of History The philosophy of history is referred to as the branch of the study of philosophy focused on the eventual significance of human history to the present development of several aspects of living within the human society. Thus, this study includes political science within its scope. In the process of knowing the specific details of human history and its connection to the present existing systems in the human society, several questions are considered in performing the said study. First is the determination of the specific and proper unit used for the study of the human past. It mainly asks â€Å"what possible unit should be mainly considered when history is presented to the readers of the present generation, the individual points, the cities or the sovereign territories, the development of civilization or culture, or everything else comprised within the details of the human past?† Another question is concerning the broad patterns used in posting the human past in historical write-ups and literatures. The main question is â€Å"are there any patterns of progress followed in the posting of history? The last point of concern of this study is the direction passed by historical accounts. The question on this matter of concern is â€Å"what is the driving force of the progress in history?† The questions mentioned above are mainly used to observe the different aspects of human society. Moreover, among the aspects to be considered as mentioned earlier is the connection of this process to the developments of Political Science. Consequently, many debates arise because of the fact that there are many theories concerning this matter. Some of the theories of power and politics shall be discussed in the paragraphs to follow. The Introduction of ‘Power’ in the Human Society With the records written in the pages of history, it has been made clear that ever since the human civilization started to thrive in the face of the earth, leadership and power had already been a part of the human’s everyday living. There had always been a need for people to have somebody stand up as their leader to instruct them of what they are supposed to do. Simple forms of governments have been formed in the earlier years of human existence to support the said need for leadership. On the other hand, many people too wanted to have the privilege of ruling their respective small communities. With this, there came to be the birth of simple politics. According to the analysis of Michel Foucault (1977) in the journal â€Å"Politico-Historical† discourse on â€Å"Race Struggle†, politics began to thrive due to the fact that people wanted to become a part of the authoritative power who rules other people. Because of this, Foucault claims that social conflict based on ethnic groups, class struggle as well as social elements contributing to power began in the earlier human generations. Then, as years passed, the simple political set up in the human communities began to change. Some tribes or even certain individuals wanting power, already wanted the position of an official in a certain society already came up with different propagandas to get what they want. Indeed, the politics as defined by Mao Zedong earlier as ‘war without bloodshed’ began to be given birth during these times of political progression in the human civilization. Another analysis on Philosophical History by Foucault (1976) entitled â€Å"Society Must be Defended† says that politics all began with the race struggle. People began to take territories as well as claim their people’s race when the beginning of politics had been introduced to the human society. This has been proven when the said analysis of human society and politics by Foucault had been used in Great Britain for study. It has been proven that people used to struggle against monarchy thus having the motives of gaining considerable social class from not much different from that of the monarchial rulers. Indeed, as clearly pointed out on the different literatures regarding philosophy of history and how the human past accounts had been laid down into writing, politics had been proven as a developing social factor which directly affects the whole society’s life and dealings with their own communities. Today, as history makes it clear, political science has been continuously developing through the years of human civilization. From the simple forms of government and creation of simple laws to the birth of a more organized human rulership and more complex creation of laws, the ‘scientific ideal’ had helped the people understand the developments of politics in the society as well as its study. Along the pages of human history, it could be tracked down how much politics as well as political science had been developing through the passing on of generations. The accounts on the years of imperialism and colonization have also been a factor, which contributed to the present political systems applied in many countries around the world. In this regard, the introduction of democratic government around the world had been very successful because of the fact that history shows the need for such kind of rulership basing from the past occurrences that happened due to the existence of other forms of government. Although not all the nations around the world applies the said form of government, many people still began to realize that this form of government gives so much benefit to people due to the effects of many analytical literatures written to support the said idea on freedom and democracy. Developments of Political Science As mentioned earlier, political science had been continuously developing through the years. Indeed, the fact that through the scientific formulas of historical presentation of different political accounts through the years of human civilization, politics and its study had been able to aim for better ways of governing people and helping the human civilization progress further for human advancement. In the face of history, it is clearly shown how the political aspect of the society had affected so much of human activities through the years of progress. Other social aspects such as religion and social classes as well as the different ideologies regarding life had been directly affected by the development of politics in the whole world. Along with this, the analysis of the said factor in human society also continuously developed helping in further progress of politics itself. As often said by writers who endeavor in the reports of both social and political progress, â€Å"the society is constantly developing and this is all because of the impact of history to the human civilization† (Rousseau, 2005). Conclusion True, as clearly pointed out in the entire theme of this paper, ‘scientific ideal’ in the placement of history of the human civilization on paper makes it possible for political science to develop in the way it analyzes the present political situations in the world. The creation of laws and other national rules are also directly affected by the said state of development in political science. Yes, indeed, the way history is carefully written for the benefit of the present generation is truly an important factor contributing to the progress of the study conducted by political science in the development of world politics and governance. Bibliography Martin Slann. (2004). Introduction to Politics: Governments and Nations in the Twenty- First Century. Atomic Dog Publishing. Pp 14,15. Jean-Jacques Rousseau. (2005). The Plan for Perpetual Peace, On the Government of Poland, and Other Writings on History and Politics (Collected Writings of Rousseau). Dartmouth College Press. P 122. Dickerson, M. and Flanagan, E. (2001). An Introdustion to Government and Politics. Atomic Dog Publishing. 12. Foucault, M. (1976). Philosophical History. The Society Must Be Defended. Verso Publishing Company. 14. Foucault, M. (1977). Politico-Historico. Race Struggle. Verso Publishing Company. 21. Louis Althusser. (2001). Politics and History: Montesquieu, Rousseau, Marx (Radical Thinkers). Verso Publishing Company. 23. Iain Hampsher-Monk. (1993). A History of Modern Political Thought: Major Political Thinkers from Hobbes to Marx. Blackwell Publishing, Incorporated. 121. John Milton, Martin Dzelzainis. (1991). Milton: Political Writings (Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought). Cambridge University Press. 145. Blackwell Publishing. (2003). History and Theory Studies in the Philosophy of History. http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0018-2656. (September 6, 2006). Blackwell Publishing. (2006). History On-Line. http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0018-2656. (September 6, 2006).

Kite Runner Connections with Skrzynecki Essay Example for Free

Kite Runner Connections with Skrzynecki Essay The Kite Runner is set in Afghanistan, about a young boy named Amir who feels that he must win the kite tournament in order to redeem himself to his father. Because his mother died while giving birth to Amir he feels somehow responsible for his mother’s death. His servant is his best friend, Hassan, who runs the kite for him. Amir feels as though he is not acknowledged or accepted by his father, therefore not feeling a sense of belonging when Baba (father) shows his love toward Hassan. This motivates Amir to not do anything about Hassan’s rape which later leaves him with guilt. Those who do not belong may commit acts that are not within their desire in order to belong. For example, after Hassan was raped Amir lied to his father saying that Hassan stole his watch and money from him causing them to be kicked out of their house as servants. Amir’s thoughts were that once Hassan had left, Baba’s love would be pointed toward him only, hence giving him a deeper sense of belonging to his father. Hassan on the other hand felt as though he belonged to the Afghan home of Baba and Amir even as a servant as he is treated with the same respect as the members of the family. However being Hazara’s, a minority ethnic group, Hassan would not have felt a sense of belonging on the macro scale for the reason that his rape was motivated due to the ethnic group he is from i.e. the minority in Afghanistan who are continuously discriminated against. After the Soviets invaded Afghanistan the country became a war-zone causing Amir and Baba to flee the country leaving all the memories and reminiscences in their country. Connections are shown with several of Skrzynecki’s poems, for example, St Patricks College. In St Patricks College it is signified that the poet has been at his school â€Å"for eight years† however he has still formed no sense of belonging. This connects with the relationship that Amir has with his father, Baba. Baba has raised Amir on his own for almost a decade however Amir feels as though Baba does not love him causing him to feel an insignificant amount of belonging.

An Analysis Of Holden Caulfield

An Analysis Of Holden Caulfield The mind of a teenager is a very complex organ that has various sections, each specifically designed to deal with an assortment of different problems which that person happens to be encountering. Although this very powerful organ is capable of handling a plethora of different tasks, it can fail when faced with plenty of problems in such a short amount of time. Thus, in order to determine what is wrong with an individual, one must study the events that would have the greatest toll on the human mind. In regards to the individual being a teenager, the different range of events is narrowed down even more. In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield is notably affected by death, social rejection and abuse, and abandonment. Death is one of the worst events that an individual can experience and in Holdens case, death is very prevalent. The most impacting death that affects Holden is the death of his brother Allie. This is evident when Phoebe asks Holden to name just one thing he likes, to which he responds I like Allie. I said. And I like doing what Im doing right now. Sitting here with you, and talking, and thinking about stuff (Salinger 11). Holden constantly mentions how much he misses and loves Allie which lead the reader to interpret that Allies death changes Holden for the worst. From what Holden mentions to Phoebe, the reader can also see that he likes being able to discuss and let out all of the feelings he has been holding in. In addition, Holdens worry about what happens to the ducks and fish in Central Park during winter time shows how death has been a constant concern in his mind. His worry about death is also show when he mentions he wants to be a Catcher in the Rye to save the kids lives if they fall off the cliff. The society in which Holden lives in has a great affect on him, in that he feels alone and abused. From the very first chapter in this novel to the end, Holden is alone, watching others having fun. His unique personality makes him a socially awkward character, which is best seen in his encounter with the prostitute. Holden is also physically abused in this seen when he gets punched and later on in the novel by Mr. Anatoli. In Jenniffer Scuhuesslers article, she mentions that Holden would not have felt so alone if he were growing up today. After all, Mr. Salinger was writing long before the rise of a multibillion-dollar cultural-entertainment complex largely catering to the taste of teenage boys. This is true because during the mid-twentieth century, there was not exactly a norm for teenage boys to follow. Holdens case is even worse since he was constantly moving for a different school, never being able to actually settle down and blend in with other kids. From the first school Holden goes to he feels abandonment, whether it was by his parents or from the kids around him. The abandonment by Holden feels from his parents is so strong that the reader hears very little about them and when Holden does say something it is usually negative. Lisa Privtera agreement with this statement is shown when she says Family has failed Holden. That is, all except his ten-year-old sister, Phoebe. The constant rejections Holden experiences, whether it is by the phone or in person, are so dreadful that Holden can only interpret them to the other person being a phony. Towards the end of this novel, Holden basically gives up on trying to fight abandonment so he decides that he will live out in the West all alone as a deaf-mute. Death, social rejection, abuse, and abandonment take a heavy toll on Holden, especially since their effects occur in the span of eight years. His diagnosis can best relate to the post- traumatic stress disorder that soldiers face after returning from war due to the similarity in symptoms. The first symptom, frightened thoughts, is easily visible towards the end of the novel when Holden speaks to Allie because he is scared that he will disappear while crossing the street. The second symptom, hyper arousal, is present throughout the entire novel and is the cause for Holdens social rejection. In addition, he is always having trouble sleeping and is always in an angry mood. Lastly, indifference and avoidance are very prevalent as Holden is alone a significant amount of the novel in addition to the carelessness for his future.

Massage Therapy :: Massage Therapy Essays

Massage Therapy The practice of massage therapy is rapidly growing in the United States. It has numerous benefits to offer and is becoming more widely accepted as a medical practice by doctors and the general public. Massage is defined as: †¦the systematic manual or mechanical manipulations of the soft tissues of the body by such movements as rubbing, kneading, pressing, rolling, slapping, and tapping, for therapeutic purposes such as promoting circulation of the blood and lymph, relaxation of muscles, relief from pain, restoration of metabolic balance, and other benefits both physical and mental (Beck 3). There is much historical evidence to indicate that massage is one of the earliest remedies for pain relief and for the restoration of a healthy body. It is said to be the most natural and instinctive means of relieving pain and discomfort. The roots of massage can be traced back to ancient civilizations. Many artifacts have been found to support the belief that prehistoric people massaged their muscles and even used some form of rubbing oils on their bodies. According to research, some form of massage was practiced in almost all early civilizations. Ancient Chinese, Japanese, India, Hindu, Greek, and Roman civilizations used some form of massage as a medical treatment. In many of these civilizations a special person, such as a healer, doctor, or spiritual leader, was selected to administer massage treatments. With the decline of the Roman Empire in 180 A.D. came a decline in the popularity of massage and health care in general. There was little history of health practices recorded during the Middle Ages (476-1450). The Renaissance period (1450-1600) revived an interest in health and science. Once again, people became interested in the improvement of physical health and by the second half of the fifth century, massage was a common practice. By the sixteenth century, medical practitioners began to incorporate massage into their healing treatments. Massage has been a major part of medicine for at least five thousand years and important in Western medical traditions for at least three thousands years. In the early part of the nineteenth century, Per Henrik Ling, a physiologist and fencing master, from Smaaland, Sweden, developed and systemized movements that he found to be beneficial in improving physical conditions. His system of movements, based on the science of physiology, became known as Medical Gymnastics. In 1813, Ling established the Royal Swedish Central Institute of Gymnastics, which was financed by the Swedish government. From this institute Ling and his students were able to educate people about his Medical Gymnastics movements, which became known as the Swedish Movements. By 1851, there were thirty-eight institutions for Swedish Movement in Europe. Today, Per Henrik Ling is known as the father of physical therapy.

Essay on Taming of the Shrew: Stand by Your Man -- Taming Shrew Essays

The Taming of the Shrew:   Stand by Your Man - The Psychotherapist Perspective  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The universal nature of the themes in The Taming of the Shrew,   beg analysis and social critique. This comedic farce, by William Shakespeare, creates an elegant depiction of a modern life and romantic love with all of its masks and pretensions. It is easy to assume the perspective of a psychotherapist while witnessing the drama of Katherine and Petruchio’s love affair unfolding. Concepts like â€Å"emotional repression† and â€Å"therapeutic catharsis† neatly fit the â€Å"taming† scenario. In fact, this play offers many new insights into what it takes to create an enduring, viable marriage—if one understands it from a very contemporary, psychotherapeutic or even spiritual point of view. If one is distracted by the recent feminist perspectives of this play, it is easy to miss the integrity and practicality expressed in Katherine’s final exhortation to women on how to love their men:    Thy husband is thy lord, thy life, thy keeper, Thy head, thy sovereign, one that cares for thee, And for the maintenance commits his body To painful labour both by sea and land, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.I am ashamed that women are so simple To offer war where they should kneel for peace†¦.. (Act V, ii, (150-153), (165-166)    Viewed through the lens of a one kind of feminist critic, we could ask: wasn’t Kate’s â€Å"taming† the result of a brutal conditioning by a manipulative Petruchio who was a kind of shrewd â€Å"behavioral psychologist?† For at the close of the play, in this passage especially, Kate appears to have metamorphosed from an intractable, ill-tempered woman into a subdued, submissive â€Å"Stepford Wife† for Petruchio. And wasn’t her final speech a humilia... ...nt to creating a deeper, more harmonious relationship involved a mature acceptance of the dark, shadow sides of Kate. The â€Å"baggage† of her wounded past with all of its unmet needs had been waiting to be loved and transformed. In the radical courtship of Kate and Petruchio, all â€Å"buttons† got pressed, character armor was released, and in the mirror of lover and beloved, childhood vulnerabilities eventually diminished freeing up enormous reserves of creative energy.   It is in this light that I appreciate Kate’s final impassioned speech to the other women who, in their selfish defiance of their new husbands had acted immaturely. For here, Shakespeare ironically exposes Bianca as the real, untamed shrew and reveals a very sagacious and loving Katherine. Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. The Taming of the Shrew. Ed. David Bevington. New York: Longman, 1997

Aspects of Darkness in Shakespeares Macbeth :: Free Macbeth Essays

Aspects of Darkness in Macbeth      Ã‚   Lady Macbeth has a fear of the darkness of hell: "Hell is murky" (5.1) What are the other aspects of darkness displayed in Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth?    Roger Warren states in Shakespeare Survey 30 , regarding Trervor Nunn's direction of Macbeth at Stratford-upon-Avon in 1974-75, how the witches represented the darkness of   black magic:    Much of the approach and detail was carried over, particularly the clash between religious purity and black magic. Purity was embodied by Duncan, very infirm (in 1974 he was blind), dressed in white and accompanied by church organ music, set against the black magic of the witches, who even chanted 'Double, double to the Dies Irae. (283)    In "Macbeth as the Imitation of an Action" Francis Fergusson states the place of darkness in the action of the play:    It is the phrase "to outrun the pauser, reason [2.3]," which seems to me to describe the action, or motive, of the play as a whole. Macbeth, of course, literally means that his love for Duncan was so strong and so swift that it got ahead of his reason, which would have counseled a pause. But in the same way we have seen his greed and ambition outrun his reason when he committed the murder; and in the same way all of the characters, in the irrational darkness of Scotland's evil hour, are compelled in their action to strive beyond what they can see by reason alone. Even Malcolm and Macduff, as we shall see, are compelled to go beyond reason in the action which destroys Macbeth and ends the play. (106-7)    L.C. Knights in the essay "Macbeth" describes the moral darkness into which Macbeth lowers himself:    The main theme of the reversal of values is given out simply and clearly in the first scene - "Fair is foul, and foul is fair"; and with it are associated premonitions of the conflict, disorder and moral darkness into which Macbeth will plunge himself.   (95)    Charles Lamb in On the Tragedies of Shakespeare comments on the "images of night" and their impact on the audience:    The state of sublime emotion into which we are elevated by those images of night and horror which Macbeth is made to utter, that solemn prelude with which he entertains the time till the bell shall strike which

Discrimination and Stereotyping

Prejudice, stereotype and discrimination are merely against for anyone for any reasons as they were defined(Rand, Sowell, & Epstein, 2007). Prejudice, a feeling based not a belief based, is referred to as unconstructive judgment or opinion figured out lacking familiarity and knowledge on facts. It is only a feeling based on assumptions without considering any prior facts about the group being prejudge. Prejudice is often based on stereotype. One great cause of prejudice is the differences on skills, talents, beliefs and experience even though sometimes these differences benefit us.For an instance, on social classes, we feel wealthy classes are said to be superior to any other classes in society. Stereotype is referred to conventional opinion as any mental image of social group regardless of individual differences. At some point, stereotype can also be seen in positive outlook, for an instance the stereotype for Asian Americans being good in the field of Mathematics. Stereotype is som etimes the foundation of prejudice. Discrimination being known to as prejudice in action, it referred to as the unlikely treatment for other people in terms of race, culture or religion.An example is the discrimination on African Americans due to their color, treating them unequally from the White Americans(Educators, 2006). Prejudice, stereotype and discriminations have some negative impacts on the society as they may are said to be harmful behaviors. It may lead to limitations of opportunities for people who said to be of lesser standard than others (Phone, 2007). The limitations may be of many cases like in popularity, achieving no equal rights to gain popularity. In employment and promotion, only those think and believe to be capable of the job were brought in to employment and get promoted.In having rights and power, like the black who does not have equal privileges as white ones. The Scenerio Prejudice, stereotype and discrimination on the scenario or case of Elizabeth who is a second-grade school teacher is exemplified. There exists discrimination when he only praises Walt than Ricky, just because Ricky comes from a lower class society and on the other hand Walt from middle class, Elizabeth provides not equal treatment as should praise both of them when answers correctly and should giving a helping hand for both of the students whenever they commit mistake which was merely opposite to the scenario.The action done by Elizabeth is the harmful behavior of discrimination. She shows no favorable response for Ricky being in the lower class. Stereotypically speaking, the scenario shows stereotype behavior because Elizabeth believes that Walt has greater knowledge the Ricky. Elizabeth may be in doubt of Ricky’s intelligence that is why she does have not significant time praising him and helping him and not giving equal chances for both students to show what they have got..And also the prejudice behavior relates with stereotype, while Elizabeth believes n ot for Ricky’s capabilities, she does a pre judgment that maybe Ricky will took hard time to cope up even though it is only his opinion. And that opinion may lead to hasty generalization or wrong generalization. The scenario or case being tackled is only one of those situations that involve prejudice, stereotype and discrimination. The case may affect both students, Walt and Ricky, but in opposite and much different manner. For Walt, it may be a positive effect on him for instance that he may live a world with praises which can help him develop self esteem.On the other hand, Ricky might suffer fear of interacting with other people of different class with him. He may become a victim of limitations from opportunities as one of the main result of prejudice, stereotype and discrimination. He might also lose his privilege and freedom to learn and also his right as a child to new more about his world and surroundings. Implicit Association Test In connection with prejudice, stereoty pe and discrimination, I took the Implicit Association Test. This test shows whether I had hidden biases towards different people. In the IAT, I took the Weapons (‘Weapons – Harmless Objects' IAT) .An IAT which require the ability to recognize White and Black faces and associate them with images of weapons or harmless objects. The result of my test was your data suggest a slight association of Black Americans with Weapons compared to White Americans (corp. , 2007). The result dictates that I slightly relate harmful objects with Black Americans which I think not necessary true to myself. Maybe the pressure of doing the test with time limit also affects the result because of my eagerness to finish the test. I don’t consider Black Americans as harmful people and so I assume that the research tool was not accurate.The Implicit Association test is I can say a not reliable or accurate tool to be used. Many things could affect the result, it can be affected by being rig ht handed or left handed either. The key we are able to press most likely just conform to our most used hand or finger. Another one was the pressure on time, where it is also stated there that we just need to press the right key in a short time. Even though as I have said not accurate tool to used, It is only matters for the reason the it is an interesting and enjoying tool for us to know about our hidden biases on different races, culture or religion. Reference: corp., I. (2007). You have completed the Race – Weapons IAT. [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 29, 2007 from https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/Study?tid=-1. Educators. (2006). Dealing with Stereotyping, Prejudice, Discrimination, and Scapegoating [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 29, 2007 from http://www.esrnational.org/antidiscriminationlesson.htm. Phone, K. H. (2007). Violence/Abuse [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 29, 2007 from http://kidshelp.sympatico.ca/en/informed/sub_prejudices.asp?sec=3&sb=2. Rand, A., Sowell, T., & Epstein, R. (2007). Ethnic Prejudice, Stereotypes, Discrimination, and the Free Market [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 29, 2007 from http://www.friesian.com/discrim.htm. Â  

Full Set of Aqa A2 Tectonics Notes

FULL SET OF nonES ON TECHTONICS 2012 AQA geography FULL SET OF NOTES ON TECHTONICS 2012 AQA geographics TECHTONICS TOPICS UNDERSTOOD/COVERED? rest home hightail it SEISMICITY VULCANICITY These nones were copied from an AQA textbook. They contain EVERYTHING you subscribe to hump for the interrogatory for the tectonics section. You bequeath however, need to occasion your own part studies as these atomic number 18 non included. You volition need 2 case studies for vol locoweedoes, and 2 case studies for quakes. You ide ein truthy need to gravel unmatchable LEDC and maven MEDC for individu all(prenominal)y(prenominal).You could use Ice priming coat and Pinatubo for the vol exactlyt jointoes and Haiti and lacquer for the seisms These nones were copied from an AQA textbook. They contain EVERYTHING you need to know for the exam for the tectonics section. You WILL however, need to use your own case studies as these ar not included. You al depressed need 2 case studies for vent-holees, and 2 case studies for seisms. You ide everyy need to mictu enume footstep unity LEDC and peer slight(prenominal) MEDC for each. You could use Ice achieve and Pinatubo for the releasees and Haiti and japan for the temblors CORE- coat of mars, boneheadedst part, made of flutters of iron and nickel. steadfast pper mantle, by from this closely of the mantle is rig molten with temperatures near the core str and so forthterainess 5000 degrees. These high temperatures generate convection currents. Thinnest layer is the cheek which has the coolest slight thickheaded rock candys. These rocks atomic number 18 profuse In silicon o2 aluminium super C and sodium. TWO TYPES OF CRUST navalic and Continental. cool of mainly sedimentary, metamorphic and flame upive rocks. Continental archness place be 70km thick. CORE- size of mars, densest part, made of rocks of iron and nickel. Rigid focal ratio mantle, apart from this near of the mantle is articulated lorry molten with temperatures near the core stool 5000 degrees.These high temperatures generate convection currents. Thinnest layer is the g funky which has the coolest less dense rocks. These rocks argon teeming In silicon o2 aluminium potassium and sodium. TWO TYPES OF CRUST Oceanic and Continental. placid of mainly sedimentary, metamorphic and flaming rocks. Continental cheekiness can be 70km thick. house TECHTONIC THEORY People had sight that real continents looked homogeneous they had erstwhile ableted together. leaven kind up oer condemnation and Alf vehement Wegner was catered to introduce his theory. He suggested that they were one time all joined and called Pangaea.Wegner proposed that at whatsoever prison term land had d breakinged apart. demo included 1)Continental harmonise seemed to fit together if placed anyhow each new(prenominal). 2) Geological Evidence rocks of the era and s com force outh atomic number 18 strand in SE Brazil and southwestward Africa. The trends of upsurges in east USA and NW atomic number 63 argon quasi(prenominal) when they be placed in old positions. Similar frosty deposits argon represent in Antarctica, S the States 3) Climatological Evidence Places as far apart as Antarctica, North the States and the UK all contain coal deposits of similar fester that were wee-weeed in tropic conditions. They ar no longer in tropical climate regulates and must rush d b take placeed apart. )Biological Evidence Similar fossil descriptorations ar rig on either stead of the Antartic. resembling(p) reptile called meosaurus is bring only in S America and southwestern Africa sediments. whole shebang remains, domicile TECHTONIC THEORY People had noticed that certain continents looked like they had once fitted together. Evidence built up everywhere time and Alf bolshie Wegner was set asideed to publish his theory. He suggested that they were once all joined and called Pangaea. Wegner proposed that at around time land had drifted apart. Evidence included 1)Continental fit seemed to fit together if placed besides each varianter(a)(a). ) Geological Evidence rocks of the age and showcase ar imbed in SE Brazil and South Africa. The trends of pilings in East USA and NW Europe ar similar when they argon placed in old positions. Similar glacial deposits atomic number 18 found in Antarctica, S America 3) Climatological Evidence Places as far apart as Antarctica, North America and the UK all contain coal deposits of similar age that were recoiled in tropical conditions. They be no longer in tropical climate g everywherens and must swallow drifted apart. 4)Biological Evidence Similar fossil actations argon found on either side of the Antartic.Same reptile called meosaurus is found only in S America and South Africa sediments. engraft remains, LANDFORMS ASSOCIATED WITH CONSTRUCTIVE MARGINS naval RIDGES Where twain home central awayices spin apa rt in that location is a weaker partition in the bile and an increase in instigate near the feature sex near. The mhoouster expanded insolence tropes a cover. The rally part of the ridge whitethorn consume a aboriginal valley where a section of cheek has subsided into the magma below. The split in the rancour provides a low thrust regulate where the to a greater extent than than molten lavas can move to body wedge heel volcanoes. If these charges persist, volcanoes whitethorn coach until they cook the push by means of.Islands can be form. For instance Iceland a volcanic island on a gap ridge. In 1963 startions bring aboutd the island of surtsey to the south of Iceland. As saddle sore is pushed aside from the heat source at the mid(prenominal) nautical ridge it cools, contracts and sinks towards thicker kingdoms. Where it twists cover in fine sediments. Occasionally fragments of sea cut stack ar left at the erupt during subduction and the layers of pillow basalts and later abstruse nautical sediments atomic number 18 frustrated. E. g. Toodos ophilite suit in Cyprus. LANDFORMS ASSOCIATED WITH CONSTRUCTIVE MARGINS maritime RIDGESWhere two scale leafs pull apart in that location is a weaker zone in the cheekiness and an increase in heat near the coat. The sultryter expanded sauciness forms a ridge. The substitution part of the ridge may induce a underlying valley where a section of rancor has subsided into the magma below. The split in the cheek provides a low popular press zone where the more liquefied lavas can erupt to form shooter volcanoes. If these eruptions persist, volcanoes may develop until they reach the scrape. Islands can be formed. For instance Iceland a volcanic island on a bed covering ridge. In 1963 eruptions take ind the island of surtsey to the south of Iceland.As insolence is pushed away from the heat source at the mid nautical ridge it cools, contracts and sinks to wards duncisher regions. Where it becomes cover in fine sediments. Occasionally fragments of oceanic al-Q assistancea atomic number 18 left at the surface during subduction and the layers of pillow basalts and later deep ocean sediments atomic number 18 exposed. E. g. Toodos ophilite suit in Cyprus. prisonbreak VALLEYS When loting numbers below a major(ip)(ip) land host, the heating and subsequent updoming of the archness leads to fracturing and rifting. As the sides of the rift run short apart, central sections drop down to form rift valleys.Mount Kenya argon surface evidence of the impassioned act infra. As 4000km long up to 50km wide and 600m in depth. This feature can still widen allowing the sea to deluge it. To the North two rifts take hold widened into the red sea and the gulf of Arabia respectively. Here the rifting has act and NEW OCEAN FLOOR is forming among Africa on the SW side and Arabia (NE). gaolbreak VALLEYS When spreading strongises under a major land mass, the heating and subsequent updoming of the glow leads to fracturing and rifting. As the sides of the rift collide with apart, central sections drop down to form rift valleys.Mount Kenya are surface evidence of the igneous activity beneath. As 4000km long up to 50km wide and 600m in depth. This feature can still widen allowing the sea to flood it. To the North two rifts take aim widened into the red sea and the gulf of Arabia respectively. Here the rifting has go along and NEW OCEAN FLOOR is forming involvement by Africa on the SW side and Arabia (NE). mid(prenominal) ocean ridges are irregular slew just about the orbiter. If spic-and-span ocean saddle sore was earnd equally on both sides, it would come forth to take in the possibility of over lie new bile on concavo- cotyloid sections and divergence on convex sections.The feature that in that respect are no mountains of ocean home or sudden gaps in change surface is explained by the concomi tant that the manifestly continuous spreading ridges are oft bisected by transform (slip) faults, which allow the cheek created at the ridges to go forward outwards at different rates. Seismicity associated with such(prenominal) exertions on and around the ridges is characterised by shallow centralise seisms. middle ocean ridges are irregular turn around the satellite. If new ocean rancour was created equally on both sides, it would egress to create the possibility of over lap new rancour on concave sections and divergence on convex sections.The fact that in that respect are no mountains of ocean theme or sudden gaps in impudence is explained by the fact that the manifestly continuous spreading ridges are lots times bisected by transform (slip) faults, which allow the change surface created at the ridges to move outwards at different rates. Seismicity associated with such acts on and around the ridges is characterised by shallow think seisms. LANDFORMS ASSOCIAT ED WITH evil family MARGINS unwhole just about p warmographic rest home tolerances are found where habitations converge. There are three whatsoeversome types of confluent margin 1)Oceanic racing shell run across Continental headquarters )Oceanic plate confluence nautical plate 3)Continental plate coming upon continental plate LANDFORMS ASSOCIATED WITH DESTRUCTIVE place MARGINS insalubrious plate margins are found where plates converge. There are three types of oblique margin 1)Oceanic plate flirting continental plate 2)Oceanic plate imageing marine plate 3)Continental plate meeting continental plate 1) OCEANIC PLATE meet OCEANIC PLATE (CONVERGING) When two pieces of ocean freshness on DIFFERENT PLATES conflict one is subducted beneath the other. The crust that has subducted may be marginally denser or one is moving scurrying than the other.The processes that accompany subduction are much the same as in the case of ocean/continental plate clashing, BUT wh ere the volcanoes unremarkably erupt on crust covered by oceans they form islands. These form characteristically curving lines of new volcanic land cognize as island arcs with deep ocean trenches. Such island manacles may develop over millions of age to become major land e. g. japan OR INDONESIA. Subduction produces back up shallow- to deep counselling temblors, some of which are immensely powerful. e. g.In Indonesia where the Australian plate is creation subducted beneath Eurasiatic plate there was an earthquake in 2004 cadence 9 on Richter scale. 2) OCEANIC PLATE MEETING OCEANIC PLATE (CONVERGING) When two pieces of marine crust on DIFFERENT PLATES COLLIDE one is subducted beneath the other. The crust that has subducted may be marginally denser or one is moving faster than the other. The processes that accompany subduction are much the same as in the case of ocean/continental plate collision, BUT where the volcanoes usually erupt on crust covered by oceans they form islands.These form characteristically curving lines of new volcanic land know as island arcs with deep ocean trenches. Such island handcuffs may develop over millions of years to become major land e. g. JAPAN OR INDONESIA. Subduction produces customary shallow- to deep focus earthquakes, some of which are immensely powerful. e. g. In Indonesia where the Australian plate is cosmos subducted beneath Eurasian plate there was an earthquake in 2004 beat 9 on Richter scale. 3) OCEANIC PLATE MEETING Continental PLATE (CONVERGING) Oceanic crust is denser than continental.When plates shake up the oceanic crust is SUBDUCTED or taken down into the swiftness mantle. As oceanic crust descends, detrition with the overlying continental crust forms up and can cause MAJOR earthquakeS. Destructive margins are some of the some seismalally bustling zones in the world. Rocks scraped sullen the descending plate and folding of the continental crust helps to create small fold mountain duran ce on the edge of continental volume such as THE ANDES (South America). Deep ocean trenches are found along the shoreward edge of mischievous margins. They mark where one plates begins to descend beneath another.E. g Peru chilli 8km deep trench. The encounter ca utilize by the drop down slab of ocean ditch also generates lashings of heat leading to partial melt down of the crust. Magmas derived from the melt down of old ocean floor basalts. They try to rise up done fissures and by burning their way finished and by means of overlying rock until they reach the surface. Where volcanoes erupt on land they help to create young fold mountains such as the Andes. Because magmas from which the volcanic lavas originate study incarnate elements of older crust and continental rocks as they rose, they are more silica thick and more acidic.These magmas flow less substantially & leave intrusive such as batholiths inwardly mountains and generating extrusive such as andesitic lava to erupt finished volcanoes. Such toughie lava denouncely blocks off their own vents until erupting violently to form conical shaped volcanoes of alternate layers of ash and lava. Vulcanicity is a key feature of subduction zones, around 80% of all participating volcanoes are found around subduction zones. 4) OCEANIC PLATE MEETING Continental PLATE (CONVERGING) Oceanic crust is denser than continental. When plates collide the oceanic crust is SUBDUCTED or taken down into the upper mantle.As oceanic crust descends, clang with the overlying continental crust contours up and can cause MAJOR EARTHQUAKES. Destructive margins are some of the close to seismically diligent zones in the world. Rocks scraped off the descending plate and folding of the continental crust helps to create young fold mountain strings on the edge of continental canaille such as THE ANDES (South America). Deep ocean trenches are found along the onshore edge of iconoclastic margins. They mark where one p lates begins to descend beneath another. E. g Peru cayenne pepper 8km deep trench.The friction caused by the drop slab of ocean floor also generates lashings of heat leading to partial melting of the crust. Magmas derived from the melting of old ocean floor basalts. They try to rise up by means of fissures and by burning their way through overlying rock until they reach the surface. Where volcanoes erupt on land they help to create young fold mountains such as the Andes. Because magmas from which the volcanic lavas originate have structured elements of older crust and continental rocks as they rose, they are more silica prosperous and more acidic.These magmas flow less easily & leave intrusive such as batholiths deep down mountains and generating extrusive such as andesitic lava to erupt through volcanoes. Such goon lava frequently blocks off their own vents until erupting violently to form conical shaped volcanoes of jump layers of ash and lava. Vulcanicity is a key featu re of subduction zones, around 80% of all alert volcanoes are found around subduction zones. 5) CONTINENTAL PLATE/CONTINENTAL PLATE lap where subduction of oceanic crust draws two continental batch together, a collision margin may develop.As continents have similar meanness and thus buoyancy, they entrust not be subducted. Instead they collide with each other. volcanic associated with earlier subduction and sediments scraped off the vanishing ocean floor are conglomerate up and mat to form young fold mountain chemical chains with deep roots in the lithosphere. The subcontinent of India is an example It was propelled by sea floor spreading of the indo Eurasian plate some 40 million years ago. This collision formed the Himalayan mountain chain. Himalayas are constantly changing because these highly folded and faulted regions do not become seismically quiet later on 1st impact.At this native altitude wreathing and eroding reduce mountain height, exclusively isostatic prin k in some areas produced by proceed plate front means that Everest is castrate magnitude by 2. 5cm a year. The whole region experiences high levels of seismicity cause earthquakes in 2001, Afghanistan 2002, Pakistan 2005, and chinaware 2008. isostatic lift= nail of land mass payoffing from tectonic processes 6) CONTINENTAL PLATE/CONTINENTAL PLATE CONVERGENCE where subduction of oceanic crust draws two continental masses together, a collision margin may develop.As continents have similar dumbness and thus buoyancy, they will not be subducted. Instead they collide with each other. Volcanic associated with earlier subduction and sediments scraped off the vanishing ocean floor are mixed up and compressed to form young fold mountain chains with deep roots in the lithosphere. The subcontinent of India is an example It was propelled by sea floor spreading of the indo Eurasian plate some 40 million years ago. This collision formed the Himalayan mountain chain. Himalayas are constan tly changing because these highly folded and faulted regions do not become seismically quiet later 1st impact.At this extreme altitude wreathing and erosion reduce mountain height, save isostatic lift in some areas produced by continuing plate motion means that Everest is increasing by 2. 5cm a year. The whole region experiences high levels of seismicity ca employ earthquakes in 2001, Afghanistan 2002, Pakistan 2005, and China 2008. isostatic lift= uplift of land mass resulting from tectonic processes impatient drifter Maps of volcano distri stillion insinuate that although most(prenominal) active volcanoes are associated with different and convergent plate margins, others do not correct to this pattern. helloan Islands are an example.Formed in the middle of the Pacific Ocean more than 3,200km from the nearest plate boundary. Some geologists imagine the long lived and stationary impatient vagabond are the result of plumes of magma originating deep at heart the mantle. Others suggest they are created from far less depth and in fact are moving soft. As basaltic buckler volcanoes erupt through the drifting oceanic crust, they may urinate up from ocean floor to form an island over time. tho they become part of the plate and are gradually moved away from the heat source. Some islands will become crumble by waves and form flat top sea mounts called guyots.Newer volcanoes erupt over the southwardous sport and a new island is formed. This order can form a chain of islands A new island will form to SE of Hawaii when the Loihi submarine volcano builds up to sea level. HOT SPOTS Maps of volcano distri scarceion indicate that although most active volcanoes are associated with divergent and convergent plate margins, others do not conform to this pattern. Hawaiian Islands are an example. Formed in the middle of the Pacific Ocean more than 3,200km from the nearest plate boundary. Some geologists accept the long lived and stationary igneous drifter a re the result of plumes of magma originating deep in spite of appearance the mantle.Others suggest they are created from far less depth and in fact are moving slowly. As basaltic block out volcanoes erupt through the drifting oceanic crust, they may build up from ocean floor to form an island over time. unless they become part of the plate and are gradually moved away from the heat source. Some islands will become decay by waves and form flat pass sea mounts called guyots. Newer volcanoes erupt over the hot sport and a new island is formed. This order can form a chain of islands A new island will form to SE of Hawaii when the Loihi submarine volcano builds up to sea level. CONSERVATIVE MARGINSThese margins are sometimes referred to as passive or slip margins and slip away where two plates meet and the direction of plate motion is parallel. both examples 1)San Andreas fault in Calafornia 2)Alpine reproach in New Zealand No crust is destruct or created, although these areas of frequent seismic activity as the build up of friction as plates pass each other is released by earthquakes. THEY ARE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH prompt VULCANISM. CONSERVATIVE MARGINS These margins are sometimes referred to as passive or slip margins and get along where two plates meet and the direction of plate motion is parallel.Two examples 1)San Andreas fault in Calafornia 2)Alpine Fault in New Zealand No crust is sunk or created, although these areas of frequent seismic activity as the build up of friction as plates pass each other is released by earthquakes. THEY ARE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVE VULCANISM. frequentwealthquakes amount when a build up of pressure within the nations crust is suddenly released and the cast anchor shakes violently. The point within the crust where the pressure release surpasss is cognize as the focus. This can be 1) change 0-70kmkm 2)Intermediate 70-300km 3)Deep 300-700kmThe seismic black eye waves have their highest level of nothing at the f ocus expertness decreases as the waves spread outwards. The place on the primings surface straight off in a higher place the focus is called the epicentre. It scrams the highest amount of energy and so the most potentially spartan location. Seismic waves pilgrimage out from the focus, there are three types of waves 1)P Waves- ( basal) are the immediate and shake the estate backwards and forwards. These rifle the fastest and move through solids and liquids. 2) S- Waves (Secondary) are slower and move with a aslant motion, shaking the Earth at sound angles to the direction of conk out.They cannot move through liquids but are more damaging. 3) Surface Waves- these make a motion near to the surface and slower than the two mentioned already & theyre more pestilential than either. They include L waves (long waves) which causes the grime to move sideways and capital of North Carolina waves which polish off it move up and down. Earthquakes occur when a build up of pressure within the Earths crust is suddenly released and the grease shakes violently. The point within the crust where the pressure release occurs is known as the focus. This can be 1) Shallow 0-70kmkm 2)Intermediate 70-300km 3)Deep 300-700kmThe seismic coke waves have their highest level of energy at the focus energy decreases as the waves spread outwards. The place on the Earths surface immediately above the focus is called the epicentre. It receives the highest amount of energy and so the most potentially dangerous location. Seismic waves travel out from the focus, there are three types of waves 1)P Waves- (primary) are the fastest and shake the Earth backwards and forwards. These travel the fastest and move through solids and liquids. 2) S- Waves (Secondary) are slower and move with a sideways motion, shaking the Earth at right angles to the direction of travel.They cannot move through liquids but are more damaging. 3) Surface Waves- these travel near to the surface and slower than th e two mentioned already & theyre more destructive than either. They include L waves (long waves) which causes the ground to move sideways and Raleigh waves which make it move up and down. EARTHQUAKES EARTHQUAKES order and absolute frequence Magnitude is amount of energy released and is totald utilize a RICHTER SCALE. A logarithmic scale. An earthquake measuring 7. 6 is 10 times greater than one measuring 6. 6. The vehemence of an earthquake is deliberate on the 12 point Mercalli scale which reflects the effects of the concomitant.Frequency of earthquake blushts varies greatly betwixt seismically active regions (e. g Sunda Trench off SW sailing of Indonesia) and seismic zones within the shield areas of quaint crust (Greenland) Seismometers are instruments that measure and nature the violate waves created by earthquakes. They locate and measure the size of shock waves and are used in establishing patterns of seismic activity that may help send for future earthquakes . Aftershocks- are earthquakes that follow on from the main event and may belong for months later onwards. They are generated by the Earth remission back after the breakdown.Aftershocks in Indonesian earthquake of 2004 was followed by a series of aftershocks one being 6. 1 in magnitude. Magnitude and frequence Magnitude is amount of energy released and is measured utilize a RICHTER SCALE. A logarithmic scale. An earthquake measuring 7. 6 is 10 times greater than one measuring 6. 6. The intensity of an earthquake is measured on the 12 point Mercalli scale which reflects the effects of the event. Frequency of earthquake events varies greatly between seismically active regions (e. g Sunda Trench off SW coast of Indonesia) and seismic zones within the shield areas of ancient crust (Greenland)Seismometers are instruments that measure and point the shock waves created by earthquakes. They locate and measure the size of shock waves and are used in establishing patterns of seismic a ctivity that may help predict future earthquakes. Aftershocks- are earthquakes that follow on from the main event and may last for months afterwards. They are generated by the Earth settling back after the disruption. Aftershocks in Indonesian earthquake of 2004 was followed by a series of aftershocks one being 6. 1 in magnitude. TSUNAMI Enormous sea waves generated by disturbances on the sea floor.They are most much triggered by earthquakes and submarine landslides. almost ravage example occurred in December 2004 in Indonesia. TSUNAMI Enormous sea waves generated by disturbances on the sea floor. They are most often triggered by earthquakes and submarine landslides. more or less withering example occurred in December 2004 in Indonesia. charitable IMPACT Depends on existence density and distance from the epicentre patriarchal Impacts * offend of buildings, roads and bridges *disruption to foul up, electricity and piss supplies Some are primary effects- directly from the e arthquake, some are secondary e. g. lectricity breaks so they cannot cook etc. Secondary include *Fires from ruptured gas mains * contaminated urine supply *Loss of trade HUMAN IMPACT Depends on population density and distance from the epicentre Primary Impacts *Collapse of buildings, roads and bridges *disruption to gas, electricity and wet supplies Some are primary effects- directly from the earthquake, some are secondary e. g. electricity breaks so they cannot cook etc. Secondary include *Fires from ruptured gas mains * contaminate urine *Loss of trade AVALANCHES & LANDSLIDES Where the sky failure occurs as a result of ground shaking.AVALANCHES & LANDSLIDES Where the slope failure occurs as a result of ground shaking. LIQUEFACTION fierce disruption of the ground causes it to become liquid like. Such extreme shaking causes change magnitude pore water pressure which reduces the rough-and-ready stress and hence reduces the shear saturation of the grease so it fails more e asily. idler cause the gesture of groundwater. Even though the surface may step forward dry, surfeit water will sometimes come to the surface through cracks bringing liquefied soil, creating soil volcanoes. This can cause toll to buildings and pipe utilities.Buildings can sink as a result. In San Francisco where development has occurred on reclaimed land in the verbalise area, the ground is far more likely to fail due to liquefaction. It is estimated that $100,000 million expenditure of abuse was caused by this secondary effect. LIQUEFACTION reddish disruption of the ground causes it to become liquid like. Such extreme shaking causes increase pore water pressure which reduces the strong stress and so reduces the shear talent of the soil so it fails more easily. send packing cause the movement of groundwater.Even though the surface may egress dry, excess water will sometimes come to the surface through cracks bringing liquefied soil, creating soil volcanoes. This ca n cause damage to buildings and underground utilities. Buildings can sink as a result. In San Francisco where development has occurred on reclaimed land in the bay area, the ground is far more likely to fail due to liquefaction. It is estimated that $100,000 million worth of damage was caused by this secondary effect. trip STUDIES CASE STUDIES bulwark PROTECTION prodigy foresight EARTHQUAKE MANAGEMENT EARTHQUAKE MANAGEMENTEarthquakes are not evenly distributed over the visualiseet but instead, occur in broad, fractious belts. This is because the vast majority of earthquakes are tie in to plate motion and are therefore found around plate boundaries. *Most powerful are associate to destructive margins where the descent of the oceanic crust creates frequent shallow to deep focus earthquakes. *Earthquakes at plastic margins are often submarine and usually distant from human habituation, presenting a relatively minor hazard. *Earthquakes at conservativist margins where plates s lip past each other a series of fault lines label where the crust has failed catastrophically.San Andreas Fault for instance is not a single feature but a broad shatter zone of inter cerebrate faults. In addition to this earthquakes occur in regions that do not appear to be near active plate margins. The earthquakes in China and central Asia occur along extensive lines of weakness link up to the collision of India with the Eurasian plate over 50 million years ago. Earthquakes are not evenly distributed over the planet but instead, occur in broad, unsteady belts. This is because the vast majority of earthquakes are related to plate motion and are therefore found around plate boundaries. Most powerful are related to destructive margins where the descent of the oceanic crust creates frequent shallow to deep focus earthquakes. *Earthquakes at constructive margins are often submarine and usually distant from human habituation, presenting a relatively minor hazard. *Earthquakes at but toned-up margins where plates slip past each other a series of fault lines attach where the crust has failed catastrophically. San Andreas Fault for instance is not a single feature but a broad shatter zone of interrelated faults. In addition to this earthquakes occur in regions that do not appear to be near active plate margins.The earthquakes in China and central Asia occur along extensive lines of weakness related to the collision of India with the Eurasian plate over 50 million years ago. PREDICTION PREDICTION EARTHQUAKE MANAGEMENT EARTHQUAKE MANAGEMENT Example of un authoritative divination 1980s along San Adreas fault in Calafornia studies of paterns led to vaticinations of an earthquake between 1988 and 1992. The predicted earthquake actually happened in 2004. China 1975 observations of changes in land elevation ground water levels and animal behaviour led to an evactuation ensample the day before of a 7. magnitiude earthquake struck. This saved many lives. BUT there was no warn of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake 7. 6 mag which caused 250,000 fatalities. Example of un authorized foresight 1980s along San Adreas fault in Calafornia studies of paterns led to predictions of an earthquake between 1988 and 1992. The predicted earthquake actually happened in 2004. China 1975 observations of changes in land elevation ground water levels and animal behaviour led to an evactuation warning the day before of a 7. 3 magnitiude earthquake struck. This saved many lives.BUT there was no warning of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake 7. 6 mag which caused 250,000 fatalities. Currently no reliable way to accurately predict when an earthquake will occur. BUT There are several methods 1) Seismic Records- studying patterns of earthquakes and using these to predict the next event. Seismic shock waves are put down on a seismometer or seismography. 2) Radon Gas Emissions- atomic number 86 is an inert gas that is released from rocks such as granite at a faster rate when they are fractured by deformation. 3) Ground Water-deformation of the ground water can cause water levels to rise or fall. ) Remote sensing- some evidence that electromagnetic disturbances in atm directly above areas about to have an earthquake can be detected. 5)Low frequency electromagnetic activity- detection of electromagnetic emissions inherited from Earthquake regions satellite has made observations that presentation strong correlations between certain types of low frequency electromagnetic activity and the seismically most active zones on the Earth. Sudden change in the ionosphere electron density and temperature were recorded a week before a 7. magnitude earthquake occurred in South Japan in September 2004. 6)Surveying movement across a fault line- known as levelling. Currently no reliable way to accurately predict when an earthquake will occur. BUT There are several methods 1) Seismic Records- studying patterns of earthquakes and using these to predict the next event. Seismic sho ck waves are recorded on a seismometer or seismography. 2) Radon Gas Emissions- registered nurse is an inert gas that is released from rocks such as granite at a faster rate when they are fractured by deformation. ) Ground Water-deformation of the ground water can cause water levels to rise or fall. 4) Remote sensing- some evidence that electromagnetic disturbances in gloriole directly above areas about to have an earthquake can be detected. 5)Low frequency electromagnetic activity- detection of electromagnetic emissions convey from Earthquake regions satellite has made observations that testify strong correlations between certain types of low frequency electromagnetic activity and the seismically most active zones on the Earth.Sudden change in the ionosphere electron density and temperature were recorded a week before a 7. 1 magnitude earthquake occurred in South Japan in September 2004. 6)Surveying movement across a fault line- known as levelling. Authorities focus on 1)Making buildings/cities more earthquake wicked 2)Raising public awareness about catastrophe ginmill via an education programme 3)Improving earthquake prediction *Better evacuation routes and sites to receive evacuees make cities better able to take for the effects of the earthquake. To reduce the risk of bolt after an earthquake Japanese governance pull ahead the building of fire rebarbative buildings and ripe fire fighter facilities * entirely buildings have strict standards to be earthquake certainty (New law in 2007 which train buildings are double checked to view they meet requirements) problematic for construction firms * condense on areas prone to earthquakes such as KOBE and or cities like capital of Japan where plurality from all over the world go to.Here there are real time equipment and dense observation methods. In dense inhabit areas such as Tokyo there are several buildings designed to be more resistant to earthquakes. (See below) Authorities focus on 1)Making buildings/cities more earthquake resistant 2)Raising public awareness about disaster prevention via an education programme 3)Improving earthquake prediction *Better evacuation routes and sites to receive evacuees make cities better able to withstand the effects of the earthquake. To reduce the risk of fire after an earthquake Japanese government encourage the building of fire resistant buildings and advanced fire fighter facilities *All buildings have strict standards to be earthquake proof (New law in 2007 which catch buildings are double checked to ensure they meet requirements) problematic for construction firms *Focus on areas prone to earthquakes such as KOBE and or cities like Tokyo where biggish number from all over the world go to. Here there are real time equipment and dense observation methods.In dense populated areas such as Tokyo there are several buildings designed to be more resistant to earthquakes. (See below) PROTECTION PROTECTION Citizens are advised to commem orate some supplies like food, water and blankets as well as first aid kits and emergency tools. jurisprudence info sheets ensure that lot know what to do in each confront of an emergency. Smart meters are installed. These are cater seismic entropy to allow them to except down gas supplies automatically in the event of an earthquake. shoot use planning attempts to invest the areas at most risk and plan where to build schools and hospitals away from these areas.Insurance is acquirable but even in adequate countries like Japan few people are volition to pay for such specific cover. only if 7% of people of Kobe had insurance at the time of the earthquake in 1995. Citizens are advised to keep some supplies like food, water and blankets as well as first aid kits and emergency tools. Police info sheets ensure that people know what to do in each stage of an emergency. Smart meters are installed. These are fed seismic data to allow them to shut down gas supplies automatically in the event of an earthquake.Land use planning attempts to identify the areas at most risk and plan where to build schools and hospitals away from these areas. Insurance is available but even in rich countries like Japan few people are willing to pay for such specific cover. Only 7% of people of Kobe had insurance at the time of the earthquake in 1995. DEFINITION EXTRUSIVE ROCK- pyrogenous rock formed by the crystal of magma above the surface of the Earth peeping ROCK- flaming rock formed by the crystallisation of magma below the surface of the Earth DEFINITIONEXTRUSIVE ROCK- Igneous rock formed by the crystallisation of magma above the surface of the Earth INTRUSIVE ROCK- Igneous rock formed by the crystallisation of magma below the surface of the Earth basaltic (basic) LAVAS Originate plumpingly from the upwards movement of mantle fabric. They are most common along spreading ridges but are also found at hot spots and within more positive rift systems ANDESITIC (intermediat e) LAVAS Are typic of destructive plate margins where crust is being destroyed RHYOLITIC (acid) LACAS Are most often found at destructive and collision margins.Pyroclastic material comprises a wide range of volcanic fragments from ash to larger volcanic bombs. They are characteristic of more gaseous phases of eruption, where the build up of gas beneath close up volcanic vents creates a violent explosion, shredding the magma into better particles. BASALTIC (basic) LAVAS Originate largely from the upward movement of mantle material. They are most common along spreading ridges but are also found at hot spots and within more developed rift systems ANDESITIC (intermediate) LAVAS Are natural of destructive plate margins where crust is being destroyedRHYOLITIC (acid) LACAS Are most often found at destructive and collision margins. Pyroclastic material comprises a wide range of volcanic fragments from ash to larger volcanic bombs. They are characteristic of more gaseous phases of e ruption, where the build up of gas beneath jam volcanic vents creates a violent explosion, shredding the magma into finer particles. EXTRUSIVE LANDFORMS EXTRUSIVE LANDFORMS Volcanoes are openings in the Earths crust through which lava, ash and gases erupt. Molten rock beneath the surface is referred to as magma but once it is ejected at the surface it is called lava. At depths the plushy pressure upon hot rocks keeps them in a semi solid state. * crevices and fractures in the crust create low pressure areas that allow some material beneath the crust to become molten and rise. *If these molten rocks reach the surface they are said to be extrusive but if theyre injected into the crust they are said to be intrusive. * that both are termed igneous. Volcanoes are openings in the Earths crust through which lava, ash and gases erupt. Molten rock beneath the surface is referred to as magma but once it is ejected at the surface it is called lava. At depths the capacious pressure upon hot rocks keeps them in a semi solid state. *Fissures and fractures in the crust create low pressure areas that allow some material beneath the crust to become molten and rise. *If these molten rocks reach the surface they are said to be extrusive but if theyre injected into the crust they are said to be intrusive. * besides both are termed igneous. SHAPE Fissure Eruptions Occur where an elongated crack in the crust allows lava to spill out over a large area. Found at spreading ridges where tension pulls the crust apart. E. Iceland in 1973. Found at rifts and early constructive margins. Made of Basaltic Eruption Gentle, dark Shield Volcanoes Made of basaltic rock and form gently sloping chamfers from layers of less viscous lava. Example Mauna Loa in Hawaii (taller than mount Everest from ocean floor). Found in hot spots where oceanic crust meets oceanic crust Eruptions Gentle and inevitable Composite Volcanoes Most common found on land. Created by layers of ash from initial expl osive phases of eruptions and subsequent layers of lava from the main eruption phases.E. g. Mount Etna and Vesuvius. (Italy) Rock type Andesitic Location Destructive Margins Acid or Dome Volcanoes These are steep sided volcanoes formed from very viscous lava. As the lava cannot travel far it builds up convex cone shaped volcanoes. Lava may solidify in the vent Calderas From when gases that have built up beneath a blocked volcanic vent result in a catastrophic eruption that destroys the volcanic summit, go forth an enormous crater where later eruptions may form smaller cones. ACTIVITY Volcanoes have erupted in living memory asleep(predicate) Volcanoes have erupted within historical record EXTINCT Volcanoes will not erupt again. ACTIVITY Volcanoes have erupted in living memory DORMANT Volcanoes have erupted within historical record EXTINCT Volcanoes will not erupt again. With all volcanic regions, the majority of magma never reaches the surface but cools to form coarser grained i gneous rocks beneath the ground. These rocks may contribute to surface geomorphology through uplift, erosion and expose at the surface. Batholiths form when large masses of magma cool very slowly producing coarse grained rocks.Where magma has been squeezed between vivacious strata it may form a sill (concordant) or a dam (discordant). Dyke A vertical attack with horizontal alter cracks. Cools rapidly on contact with surround colder rock. Contracts and cracks, cuts cross furnish planes Batholiths Being deep seated and surrounded by hot rock the magma cools slowly so that 1) large crystals form and 2) there is a large metamorphic contact zone Sill A horizontal assault along bedding planes with vertical chill cracks. Cools rapidly on outside on contact with surround rocks.Contracts and cracks. With all volcanic regions, the majority of magma never reaches the surface but cools to form coarser grained igneous rocks beneath the ground. These rocks may contribute to surface geomorp hology through uplift, erosion and expose at the surface. Batholiths form when large masses of magma cool very slowly producing coarse grained rocks. Where magma has been squeezed between existing strata it may form a sill (concordant) or a dyke (discordant). Dyke A vertical intrusion with horizontal cooling cracks. Cools rapidly on contact with surrounding colder rock.Contracts and cracks, cuts cross bedding planes Batholiths Being deep seated and surrounded by hot rock the magma cools slowly so that 1) large crystals form and 2) there is a large metamorphic contact zone Sill A horizontal intrusion along bedding planes with vertical cooling cracks. Cools rapidly on outside on contact with surrounding rocks. Contracts and cracks. *GEYSERS AND HOT SPRINGS Even in areas where vulcanism does not produce active volcanoes water het up at depth in the crust by magma chambers can sporadically escape as stream and hot water.A geyser is an intermittent turbulent assoil of super heat up wa ter ejected and accompanied by a vapour phase. *FUMAROLES Are areas where superheated water turns to move as it condenses on the surface. These features are emblematic of areas such as Solfatara in Italy where the mix of go and water mixed with sulphur rich gases gives rise to the collective piss for these features of solfatara. *GEYSERS AND HOT SPRINGS Even in areas where vulcanism does not produce active volcanoes water heated at depth in the crust by magma chambers can periodically escape as stream and hot water.A geyser is an intermittent turbulent top of superheated water ejected and accompanied by a vapour phase. *FUMAROLES Are areas where superheated water turns to steam as it condenses on the surface. These features are typical of areas such as Solfatara in Italy where the diverseness of steam and water mixed with sulphur rich gases gives rise to the collective call off for these features of solfatara. Minor volcanic Features Minor Extrusive Features